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2000英语高考题,2000年全国高考英语试题

tamoadmin 2024-06-09 人已围观

简介1.福建省高考英语口语试题2.高考英语阅读3.求2000年到2008 年 各省的模拟高考试题!!4.如何做高考英语听力试题5.高考英语(上海卷)完型填空真题~~附答案的~~狂赏6.做英语阅读理解题的技巧是什么?这是四川省第一次自主命题高考试卷,一时间,众说纷纭,传言四起,直到高考当天大家脑中的疑惑似乎才最终尘埃落定。其实,只要仔细思考一下,便不难推断,四川省第一次自主命题,无论从形式和内容,还是从

1.福建省高考英语口语试题

2.高考英语阅读

3.求2000年到2008 年 各省的模拟高考试题!!

4.如何做高考英语听力试题

5.高考英语(上海卷)完型填空真题~~附答案的~~狂赏

6.做英语阅读理解题的技巧是什么?

2000英语高考题,2000年全国高考英语试题

这是四川省第一次自主命题高考试卷,一时间,众说纷纭,传言四起,直到高考当天大家脑中的疑惑似乎才最终尘埃落定。其实,只要仔细思考一下,便不难推断,四川省第一次自主命题,无论从形式和内容,还是从标准和要求都不容易把握这个“度”,因此,命题组所能够做出的最稳妥的决定必然是建立在对历年全国卷以及有相当自主命题经验的北京上海卷的充分学习和借鉴基础之上的。综观历年高考试题,不难发现,书信写作在其中出现频率很高,原因很明显,高中英语教育重要是为了教授学生英语的实际应用能力,大纲所教授的3000多单词也多是实用单词,而实际应用能力则最容易体现在与国外友人的交流上,从写作的角度,书信最能够体现这种能力。作为第一次自主命题的四川省,固然会围绕着这个指导思想,以书信作为作文的形式。由于书信的格式容易掌握,所以考察的重点应该是在内容的语言表现上,于是经常会看到“信的开头和结尾已经为你写好”的字样。但是这并不意味着作文只是批着书信皮,因为一旦是书信就有书信需要注意的地方,而这些地方的重要性远远超过了格式。

书信按照内容一般可以分为以下几个类别:letter to describe, letter to inform, letter to inquire, letter to reply, letter to propose, letter to complain。以上所列出的情况除了投诉信外均在历年全国各地的高考试题中出现过。出与友好交流目的的考虑,考查投诉信的可能性很低,当然四川省也不会开这个先河。英语学习中最基本的能力是描述能力,所以今年新鲜出炉的四川卷,考查的就是学生最基本的英语交流和描述能力。以下为原题:

第二节 书面表达(满分25分)

假设你是李华,你的新西兰笔友Nick将于八月来四川旅游,特来信询问有关旅游景点情况。请根据下表所提供的要点,写一封回信,并表示盼望他的到来。

注意:1.词数100左右,信的格式及开头已为你写好(不计入总词数)。

2.可根据内容要点适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。

3.参考词汇:

省份-province

海子-lake

都江堰水利工程-Dujiangyan Irrigation Project

Dear Nick, I’m glad to hear that you′re coming to Sichuan in August.

Yours sincerely,

Li Hua

无疑,此作文以书信的格式考查学生对自己家乡的了解及用英文描述的能力。题目本身不难,一些基本信息已经给出,一些基本术语(如名胜古迹等)广为学生所知,使得大部分考生很容易下手成文,但这就给想拿高分的同学提出了更高的要求。传统关于高考写作就是翻译的看法在今年高考中变得不那么适用,所以如何写出有个性有活力的作文则成为广泛关注的问题,同时它也是征服高考英语的关键性问题。以下为范文:

第二节:

One possible version

Dear Nick,

I’m glad to hear that you’re coming to Sichuan in August. You’ve made the wise choice to travel here. Sichuan Province is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest, such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan Irrigation Projcet.

Jiuzhaigou is well known for its beautiful lakes,of which the water is clear and looks colorful. It can excite visitors’ imagination. Another attraction is Dujiangyan Irrigation Project. It was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today. Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip more enjoyable. I’m sure you’ll have a good time.

I’m looking forward to your coming.

Yours sincerely,

Li Hua

高分作文首先要做到的是把虚拟的场景真实化。题目中所给出的场景让我们想到“有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?”,想到“四川人杰地灵”,或者想到张艺谋对成都的评价“成都,一座来了就不想离开的城市”……于是整篇文章应该充满着对NICK要来的欣喜,充满着对故乡四川的热爱与骄傲。在宣传九寨沟和都江堰的时候要在字里行间体现出来。从自身的角度讲,我们给出的建议总是希望认同甚至是接受的,所以不能像范文那样平淡,否则给人的印象就是“这个也行,那个也不错,你自己看着办吧”,无论从考试技巧的角度还是真实与人交流的角度感觉都有点欠缺火候。

书信写作中必须体现的三个M原则(matter, manner, method),在范文中体现得淋漓尽致:第一句话直奔主题(matter),第二句话把赞赏对方和承上启下完美地结合起来(manner),给人以赏心悦目的感觉。最后提到交通便利的好处,让对方感到旅游计划切实可行,体现主人的好客和细心(method),从这个意义上讲,范文绝对是成功的。

高分的作文绝不是华丽辞藻的堆砌,所以千万不要为了追求语言的华丽,本来满篇都很朴实,突然出现一个生僻单词或者句子,这样的不和谐反而会让作文降低档次。好的作文会让改卷老师读起来非常的顺口,看起来非常的顺眼,想起来非常的顺心。以下是参考版本:

One possible version

Dear Nick,

I am glad to hear that you are coming to Sichuan in August. Sichuan is generally regarded as a place to which people never want to say goodbye. Lying in the southwest of China, it enjoys lots of rich tourist attractions and world-famous places of interest such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan. The lakes in Jiuzhaigou are so transparent and clear that we can even see our reflections in them. We have been benefiting from Dujiangyan Irrigation Project for over 2000 years. It is this project that nurtures the civilizations around here; it is also this project that makes everyone in Sichuan feel proud. If you are interested in visiting these places, convenient transportation will surely carry you there quickly and a wonderful journey will then begin.

I am looking forward to your coming soon and where there is any trouble, there is always my help.

Yours sincerely,

Lihua

福建省高考英语口语试题

 高中英语分为必修和选修, 英语学习 的过程中,所学的东西非常多且零散,同学们要学好所学的知识,必须要对所学的知识进行知识点的 总结 。接下来是我为大家整理的高考英语知识点冲刺复习大全,希望大家喜欢!

高考英语知识点冲刺复习大全一

 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练

 1. Was it during the Second World War_____ he died?

 A.that B.while C.in which D.then (88)

 2. Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day?

 A.this B.that C.it D.he (89)

 3. I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.

 A.this B.that C.its D.it (91)

 4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time?

 A.this B.that C.he D.it (91)

 5. It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.

 A.when , that B.until , that C.until , that D.when , then (92)

 6. I was disappointed with the film. I had expected ______ to be much better.

 A.that B.this C.one D.it (93)

 7. It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.

 A.while B.which C.that D.since (94)

 8. ______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.

 A.There B.This C.That D.It (95)

 9. It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.

 A.until B.that C.then D.so (97)

 10. I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.

 A.it B.that C.these D.them (98)

 11. It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.

 A.one B.that C.what D.it (2000)

 12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (2004)

 A. this B. that C. it D. one

 13. —Do you like ___ here?

 —Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.(全国卷)

 A. this B. These C. That D. it

 14. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made ___ from some wood. (全国卷)

 A. it B. One C. Himself D. another

 15. The foreign Minister said, " _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace."(2004北京)

 A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is

 16. _____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. (2004北京)

 A. It B. As C. That D. What

 17. — How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)

 — ________, but usually once a week.

 A. Have no idea B. It depends C. As usual D. Generally speaking

 18. We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed. (2004浙江卷)

 A. make out B. turn out C. go on D. come up

 19. — What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game. —________. Whatever you want to do is fine with me.

 A. It just depends B. It's up to you C. All right D. Glad to hear that

 20. It was ____ back home after the experiment.

 A. not until midnight did he go

 B. until midnight that he didn't go

 C. not until midnight that he went

 D. until midnight when he didn't go

 KEYS:

 1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA 11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC

  高考英语知识点冲刺复习大全二

 可接双宾语的38个常用动词

 (1)双宾语易位时需借助介词to的常用动词

 awardsb.sth.=awardsth.tosb.颁奖给某人

 bringsb.sth.=bringsth.tosb.把某物带给某人

 handsb.sth.=handsth.tosb.把某物递给某人

 lendsb.sth.=lendsth.tosb.把某物借给某人

 mailsb.sth.=mailsth.tosb.把某物寄给某人

 offersb.sth.=offersth.tosb.将某物给某人

 owesb.sth.=owesth.tosb.欠某人某物

 passsb.sth.=passsth.tosb.把某物递给某人

 paysb.sth.=paysth.tosb.付给某人某物(钱)

 postsb.sth.=poststh.tosb.把某物寄给某人

 readsb.sth.=readsth.tosb.把某物读给某人听

 returnsb.sth.=returnsth.tosb.把某物还给某人

 sendsb.sth.=sendsth.tosb.把某物送给某人

 sellsb.sth.=sellsth.tosb.把某物卖给某人

 servesb.sth.=servesth.tosb.拿某物招待某人

 showsb.sth.=showsth.tosb.拿某物给某人看

 takesb.sth.=takesth.tosb.把某物拿给某人

 teachsb.sth.=teachsth.tosb.教某人某物

 tellsb.sth.=tellsth.tosb.告诉某人某情况

 throwsb.sth.=throwsth.tosb.把某物扔给某人

 writesb.sth.=writesth.tosb.给某人写信

 (2)双宾语易位时需借助介词for的常用动词

 booksb.sth.=booksth.forsb.为某人预定某物

 buysb.sth.=buysth.forsb.为某人买某物

 choosesb.sth.=choosesth.forsb.为某人选某物

 cooksb.sth.=cooksth.forsb.为某人煮某物

 drawsb.sth.=drawsth.forsb.为某人画某物

 fetchsb.sth.=fetchsth.forsb.为某人去取某物

 findsb.sth.=findsth.forsb.为某人找到某物

 fixsb.sth.=fixsth.forsb.为某人准备某物

 getsb.sth.=getsth.forsb.为某人拿来某物

 makesb.sth.=makesth.forsb.为某人做某物

  高考英语知识点冲刺复习大全三

 代词在近几年高考试题中的复现率为100%,每年至少测试一道题。测试代词常用对话形式,构成特定语境,考查考生灵活运用代词的能力。代词指代的范围、作主语时主谓一致的用法、易混不定代词的细微差别都是高考的必考点。其中不定代词one,the one,ones与that,those,it的用法区别。

 考点一? 考查one(s), that, those, it的用法

 [考点解读]

 ● one泛指一个人或物?其复数形式为ones? one和the one作同位语时,如果与其同位的词语是特指,则用the one;如果是泛指,则用one,?

 ● that指代前面提到过的名词,常有后置定语? that的复数形式是those? that可指代单数可数名词(= the one), 也可指代不可数名词,或指代前面提到过的一件事?

 ● it可指代前面提到过的一个名词,如例7;指代一件事,如例8;指代不明性别的婴儿或不明确的人,也可指代时间?天气?距离等0?

 二? 考查all, both, either, neither, none, no one的用法

 [考点解读]

 ● both表示“两个人或物都”,具有肯定含义; either表示“两者中的任何一个”,如例13; neither表示“两者都不”?

 ● all表示“全部”,指三者或三者以上的人或物,;all也可笼统地表示“一切,所有”, none表示“三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定”,在与of连用或回答how many/much的提问时只能用none, no one表示“没有一个人”,

 三? 考查another, the other, others, the others的用法

 [考点解读]

 ● another泛指三个或三个以上的人或物中不确定的另一个,如例19? another还可以作形容词,表示“另一个的”

 ● the other指已知的两个人或物中的另一个

 ● others和“other + 名词”均泛指“别的人或物”

 ● the others指“一定范围内其余的人或物”,如例23?如果被指代的名词是不可数名词,则用the rest替代,

 四? 考查(a) little, (a) few, some, any的用法

 [考点解读]

 ● few和little可用作代词和形容词? few和a few可以修饰或代替可数名词复数? few有否定含义, a few有肯定含义, little和a little可以修饰或代替不可数名词? little有否定含义, a little含肯定含义?

 ● some和any表示“一些”,可用作代词和形容词? some用于肯定句,例31; any用于否定句?疑问句和条件句中, some也可用于疑问句,如例32和例33; any也可用于肯定陈述句中,表示“任何一个”。

 五? 考查something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, everything, everybody的用法及它们与else的搭配

 [考点解读]

 ● 由some和any构成的不定代词的用法和some和any的用法基本一致?

 ● nothing和nobody/no one表示全部否定?

 ● 无论在肯定句?否定句还是疑问句中, everything和everyone (everybody) 都表示“全部,所有”?

 ● 不定代词后跟else时,表示“另外的,其他的”;形容词修饰something/anything/nothing时,应置于不定代词之后?以上不定代词连写时,不和of连用,every one可和of连用?

 精选试题 名校模拟题及其答案

 1. I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree with ______.

 A. everything B. anything

 C. something D. nothing

 2. “What do you think of them?” “I don’t know _____ is better, so I’ve taken _____ of them.”

 A. what, both B. what, none

 C. which, both C. which, none

 3. “Would you like a cup of coffee or a glass of beer?” “____ will do, but milk is _____ popular with me.”

 A. Neither, not B. Both, more

 C. Either, the most D. All, the most

 4. I read about it in some book or other, does it matter _____ it was?

 A. where B. what

 C. how D. which

 5“Who told you?” “Oh, somebody or other, I’ve forgotten _____.”

 A. what B. when

 C. which D. who

 6.Some of the students were late for the meeting, but I can’t remember _____.

 A. what B. when

 C. which D. whom

 7. These trousers are dirty and wet — I’ll change into my _____.

 A. another B. trousers

 C. others D. other

 8. Her lecture was hard to follow because she kept jumping from one subject to _____.

 A. other B. the other

 C. the others D. another

 9. There are four bedrooms, ______ with its own bathroom.

 A. all B. each

 C. every D. either

 10. “It’s said that he is a wise leader.” “Oh, no, he is _____ but a wise leader.”

 A. anything B. anyone

 C. anybody D. anywhere

 11.I didn’t make clear when and where the sports meet would be held.

 A.this B that C it D one

 12 To tell you the truth..really don't like when people talk with you with their eyes stating into the sky.

 A.which B that C it D.what

 13.一Which one can I take?

 一You can take of them;I’ll keep none.

 A.both B.any C.either D.all

 14.一Which coat would you prefer.sir?

 一I’ll take ,to have n change sometimes.

 A.allthem

 B.them dl C.both them D them b0Ih

 15.The movie is boring;it is,in fact,rather exeiting and interesting

 A anything but B nothing but C no more D all but

 16 Alan sold most of his belongings.He has hardly left in the house

 A.everything B.anything C.nothing D something

 17.I have been lived in Shanghai for two years.butI haven’t covered of the city

 A.anything

 B.much C many D plenty

 18.She kept looking behind to see if she was being followed

 A her B.herself C.her own D.she

 19.All of us want very much to see these recommended movies,especially you referred to jusl now.

 A as B which C the one D that

 20.If a studem can make what has been learned whether in class of from social practice ,he will make steady progress.

 A he B him C himself D his

 21.一Do you want tea or coffee?

 一 really don't mind

 A.None B Neither C Either D All

 22.The manager believes prices will not rise by more than four percent.

 A.any other B the other C another D other

 23.The manager was very angry,for he had sent his business partner two thousand machines yesterdy,half of unqualified.

 A.whom B what C them D.which

 24一Did you visit many places while you were in Canada?

 一Yes,

 A.afew quite B only few C.only afew D quite few

 25 In somecountries, is callede quality does not really mean equal rights for all people

 A that B what C which D how

 26一May I have a glass of beer.please?

 一Beer?Sorry,there is left,but would you mind having,some juice instead?

 A none B.no one C nothing D few

 27.一When can we goto visit you?

 一Anytime you feel like

 A.one B it C so D thal

 28 We need a more capable leader, with strong will as well as good humour.

 A who B.that C.one D.which

 29.The number 2008 is a special number, I think,that will be remembered hy the Chinese forever.

 A.which B what C one D.it

 30.一How do you like his wife?

 一She is like a good housekeeper,for the children's room is always in a terrible mess.

 A Somebody B nobody C something D.nothing

 ——答案与解析——

 1解析此题应选 A,注意前文的 I agree with most of what you said(我同意你说的大部分内容),其后的not 与 everything 构成部分否定,意为“不是所有的都同意”,前后两部分用转折连词 but 连接,语气通顺、连贯。

 2解析答案为C。做好此题的关键是要注意句中的 better 一词,由于better 用的是比较级,说明比较的对象应是两者,由此可推知第二空应填both;另一方面,由于所谈论的是两者,说明选择范围比较窄、比较明确,所以第一空应填 which。

 3解析做对此题的关键是要注意到下文提到的 milk既不是 coffee 也不是 beer,而是除这两者外的第三者,故第二空应填 the most,即此题答案为C。

 4解析此题答案选D,主要与上文的some book or other (某一本书)这一语境有关,全句句意为:“我在某一本书上读到过它,是哪一本书这很重要吗?”

 5解析此题答案为D。句意为:“谁告诉你的?”“噢,有个人,我忘记是哪一个了。”

 6解析此题答案为C。句意为“有些学生开会迟到了,但我不记得是哪些学生了”。

 7解析答案为C。是从语法上看,another 后通常接单数名词,而不接trousers 这样的复数名词(若用 another pair 则可以);也不能选 trousers 是因为填它 句子 意思不通。答案应选C,others 相当于 other trousers,其中的 other 与前面的 these 相对照。

 8解析答案为D。使用one … the other … 时,我们通常是针对两者而言的,即指“两者中的一个……,另一个……”;如果所谈论的情况不是针对两者而言的,而是针对多者而言的,那么我们就不宜在 one 后使用 the other,而考虑用 another。

 9解析此题容易误选A,认为既然前面出现了 four bedrooms,故填 all 与之对应。其实,此题的答案应为B,原因是空格后的隐藏信息 its,它表示空格处应填一个单数代词,但是不能选C,因为 every 不能这样单独使用。

 10解析正确答案应选A。因为 anything but 是习语,意为“根本不是”或“一点也不”,不仅可用于事物,也可用于人。如:

 I’ll do anything but that. 我绝不会干那种事。

 The party was anything but a success. 晚会根本不成功。

 Her father was anything but a poet. 她父亲根本不是诗人。

 Such a man was anything but a hero. 那样的人绝不算英雄。

 11 C。解析it代替后面的when and where引导的从句。其他选项均无此用法。

 12 C。解析考查代词。1t指代空格后面的内容。

 13 D。解析考查不定代词的用法。句中的none说明所拿走的东西至少有三个,而且后句表示可以全部拿走,所以答案选D。

 14 D。解析句中的prefer说明是在两者之间进行选择,排除A、B。both修饰代词或名词应为botll of them或they both。所以答案应为D。

 15 A。解析考查代词 短语 。anything but t表示根本不,决不;nothing but仅仅,只有,all but几乎,差不多。由下文实际上,这个**相当令人兴奋和有趣可知,上句应为这个**根本不乏味。故答案选A。

 16 B。解析从题意可知.Alan把大部分财产都变卖了,房里几乎没有什幺东西了。用anything与否定词连用,hardly anything=nothing,故答案选B。

 17 B。解析表示整体中的一部分,且这个整体是单数或不可数名词时,前面的代词用much。故答案选B。

 18.B。解析此处表示往自己身后看.故用反身代词作宾语。

 19 C。解析考查代词的用法。The one特指you referred to jusl now.。

 20 D。解析句意为如果一个学生能将无论是通过课堂还是 社会实践 学到的东西变成自己的东西,他将会取得稳定的进步。此处是名词性物主代词,作宾语补足语。故答案选D。

 2l C。解析考查代词none,neither,either,all的用法。根据上句可知,此处是在两者之间进行选择,而且从后一句的我真的不介意可知回答者的意思是两者中哪一个都可以,所以答案选C。

 22 C。解析考查不定代词的用法。题干中的意思是价格不会再增长超过4%。any other任一其他的;the other(两者中)另外一个;another另外.又,放在数词前面;other表示另外,和more一样,要放在数字的后面。故答案选C。

 23 C。解析考查人称代词作独立主格的逻辑主语。句意:经理非常生气,因为他已发给他商业伙伴两千台机器,其中一半有质量问题。half of unqualified.是独立主格结构,half of 是unqualified的逻辑主语,of是介词,所以此处要用宾格。

 24 C。解析quite修饰名词时要放在冠词前,排除选项A,选项B、D都表示几乎设有的意思,只有选项c表示有几个。根据下句的肯定回答可知答案选c。

 25 B。解析此处为what引导名词性从句,what在从句中作主语。

 26 A,解析此处none指代none of the beer,其他选项均不符合句意。

 27 B。解析lt用来指代上文所提到的内容。

 28.C。解析考查代词辨析。此处应用one作a more capable leader的同位语。句意:我们需要一个更有能力的领导,一个意志坚定又富有幽默感的领导。

 29 C。解析这里one指代前面的a special number,hat will be remembered hy the Chinese forever.是修饰one的定语从句,I think是插入语。

 30 D。解析根据下文for the children's room is always in a terrible mess.可知,D为正确答案,考生应注意对She is nothing like a good housekeeper的正确理解,其意思是:她完全不像是一个好主妇。

高考英语知识点冲刺复习大全相关 文章 :

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高考英语阅读

2008 高考口语试题

第一、二套题 回答问题

1. How do you like your school?

2. What present will you give to your mother on her birthday?

3. What present will you give to your father on his birthday?

4. What will you do to protect yourself when an earthquake broke out?

5. What should you do before leaving the lab?

6. Please say something about either of your parents.

7. Will you introduce yourself briefly?

8. Do you like traveling? Why or why not?

9. What sports do you like best? Why?

10. What do you think of your head teacher?

11. How do you improve your English?

12. Say something about your family.

第三份

1. What do you think of Sichuan earthquake?

2. Please say something about your family.

3. Where would you like to go for your holidays?

第四套:

第一份

1. Who is your favourite singer? Why?

2. How do you improve your English reading?

3. How do you like your English teacher?

第二份

1. Do you like traveling? Where have you been? Which place impressed you most? Why?

2. How do you like your school?

3. How do you improve your English listening?

第三份

1. Who is your favourite sports star? Why?

2. How do you improve your oral English?

3. Do you like your head teacher? Why or why not?

三:

( 1 ) Dinner starts with a small dish, which is often called a starter. Some people pray before they start eating, and other people may keep silent for a moment. Then you can say “Enjoy your meal” to each other and everybody starts eating. For the starter, which you eat with the smaller pair, you keep the knife in your right hand and the fork in your left. After the starter you will get a bowl of soup – but only one bowl of soup and never ask for a second serving.

The next dish is the main course. Many Westerners think the chicken breast with its tender white flesh is the best part of the bird. Some people can use their fingers when they are eating chicken or other birds, but never touch beef or the meat on bones. It is polite to finish eating everything on your plate, so don’t take more food than you need.

( 2 ) Chuck learns how to be a good friend to Wilson. Even though Wilson is just a volleyball, he becomes fond of him. He talks to him and treats him as a friend. Chuck learns that we need friends to share happiness and sorrow, and that it is important to have someone to care about. He also learns that he should have cared more about his friends. When he makes friends with Wilson, he understands that friendship is about feelings and that we must give as much as we take.

A volleyball is certainly an unusual friend. Most of our friends are human beings, but we also make friends with animals and even things. For example ,many of us have pets, and we all have favourite objects such as a lucky pen or a diary. The lesson we can learn from Chuck and all the others who have unusual friends is that friends are teachers. Friendship helps us understand who we are, why we need each other and what we can do for each other.

( 3 ) Rock and pop music are becoming more and more similar, but

Rock and pop music are becoming more and more similar, but there are still some differences. Most pop singers use the music to make money and become rich and famous. Rock singers, on the other hand, make music their life. They play music to make themselves feel better and happier. They do not think how much money they can make from a song, instead, they sing for their feelings and live for music.

Pop songs and rock songs are written in different ways. A pop song is written in a "factory" where one person writes the words, someone else writes the music, and other musicians record it. The singer often knows little about the ideas or feelings behind the song. As for rock music, however, the singers and musicians are all able to write music and work together in a band. When one of them has a strong feeling, he or she expressed it with music and the others help build the song.

四:朗读文章

(1)In 1996,Atlanta was the host of the Olympic Games, an honor the city shared with great cities such as Sydney and Beijing.

(2)Like all of us, disabled people also need inspiration and encouragement. The magazine Literature of Chinese Blind Children was started by Xu Bailun in 1985, when he decided that there should be a magazine for blind people in China. Blind children all over China read the magazine and it has inspired many of them to believe that they can realize their dreams. The articles in the magazine are often about disabled people who have overcome difficulties and learn to live a meaningful and productive life.

About one-third of the articles in Literature of Chinese Blind Children are written by disabled authors and blind children. One of the magazine’s best-known readers is Ye Zijie, who is now a teacher in Huhhot. In the year 2000, he was invited to study in London and became the first visually impaired Chinese to study abroad. Zijie says he was inspired and motivated by the magazine: “It is very important for us to know that someone far away is also struggling as we are.”

( 3 ) When we describe or talk about new inventions, we use words and ideas that we already know. For example, when we want to

When we describe or talk about new inventions, we use words and ideas that we already know. For example, when we want to explain how a computer works, we use words like “memory”, “store” and “cut and paste”. The words are useful, but they are not quite true. A computer’s “memory” is similar to human memory in some ways, but it is also very different. A computer does keep information in its memory, but that is clearly different from other kinds of storage. We do cut and paste, but we don’t use scissors or glue. Using familiar words makes it easier for us to understand and use a new tool, but it may also make it more difficult for us to use the new invention in the best way. After all, what makes a new invention such a wonderful thing is that it allows us to do something we could not do before.

Science is not just about electronics and plastic; it is also about how we think about the world. Now that we are developing new technology at such a high pace, the true challenge is to find new ways of using it. How will we use computers in the future?

第一套

(一)

1、Do you like your monitor? Why? Why not?

2、Is your English teacher strict with you in your studies? How?

3、How are you getting along with your classmates?

(二)

1、What kind of music do you like best?

2、What do you think of your English teacher?

3、Who is your best friend? Say something about him\her.

(三)

1、Do you often use dictionaries when you learn English?

2、what date is your birthday?

3、How do you like your mother?

第二套

(一)

1、Do you often play football/table tennis/volleyball/ Why? Why not?

2、Which do you like better,watching TV or seeing movies?

3、Please say something about your family.

(二)

1、Do you enjoy music? Why? Why not?

2、What's your favourite subject?

3、What do you often do on Sundays?

(三)

1、Do you buy any presents for your parents on their birthdays?

2、What sport do you like best?

3、What are you going to do during summer holidays?

第三套

(一)

1、 Do you often listen to English programs? Why? Why not?

2、What do you do in your spare time?

3、Do you like your school? Why? Why not?

(二)

1、Do you often watch TV? Why? Why not?

2、What are you going to be in the future?

3、Who is your favourite teacher? Please say something about him/her.

(三)

1、How do you usually spend your weekends?

2、Do you have any penfriends? Please say something about him/her?

3、What do you usually do in your spare time?

第四套

(一)

1、Do you like sports? Why? Why not?

2、What did you do after the collage entrance examinations?

3、Please say something about one of your good friends.

(二)

1、Do you think collecting stamps interesting? Why? Why not?

2、What subjects did you study?

3、What do you do to improve your English?

(三)

1、What's your favourite food?

2、How long did you spend on your homework every day?

3、Could you please say something about your school?

第五套

(一)

1、Is it important to learn English? Why? Why not?

2、How many classed did you have in Senior Three every day?

3、What do you do to keep fit?

(二)

1、Do you like English? Why? Why not?

2、How are you getting along with your school life?

3、Who is your favourite teacher? Please say something about him/her.

(三)

1、What subject do you like best? Why?

2、How often do you watch TV?

3、Wh第一套

第一份

1、Why do you study English?

2、Which season do you like best? Why?

3、What are your parents?

第二份

1、How do you learn English?

2、Which subject do you like best? Why?

3、How will you spend your summer holidays?

第三份

1、Do you like English? Why?

2、How do your parents celebrate your birthday?

3、Is your hometown beautiful? Say something about your hometown.

第二套

第一份

1、When will the 29th Olympic Games be held in Beijing?

2、Do you celebrate your birthday? How ?

3、What‘s your favourite food? Why?

第二份

1、What do you usually do for your holiday?

2、What do you think you can do for the disabled people?

3、How do you spend your spare time?

第三份

1、Do you like playing computer games? Why? Why not?

2、Is the computer useful in our daily life? Please give some examples. 3、Say something about your hobby, please.

at's your interest? Please say something about it?

第三套

第一份

1、Do you think spoken English is important? Why? Why not?

2、What‘s your favorite subject?

3、How do you usually celebrate your parents‘ birthday?

第二份

1、How do you like your Chinese teacher?

2、How do you usually celebrate your birthday?

3、Do you often do something good for your class? How?

第三份

1、How much time do you spend on English reading everyday?

2、What does your father do?

3、Is the city/village where you are living beautiful?

第四套

第一份

1、What‘s your favorite sport? Why/Why not?

2、How many classes are there in your school?

3、Are you good at English?

第二份

1、Which is your favorite university?

2、What subject are you good at?

3、Could you tell me something about your family?

第三份

1、How often do you go to see a film/ 2、How far is it from your home to your school?

3、Do you often help do housework?

第五套

第一份

1、What is your favorite subject? Why?

2、How do you usually spend your weekends?

3、What do you think of your school? Please describe it.

第二份

1、How do you usually celebrate your birthday?

2、Do you want to take English as your major? Why? Why not?

3、Can you tell us something about your English teacher?

第三份

1、Do you often ask your English teacher questions? Why/ Why not?

2、How can you improve your spoken English?

3、Would you please give a brief introduction of your family?

第六套

第一份

1、How do you find your English teacher?

2、Do you love music? Why/Why not?

3.Which university do you like best? Why?

第二份

1、Do you often watch TV at home? Which channel?/Why not?

2、How do you usually spend your weekends?

3、What are you going to be in the future?

第三份

1、Do you love your hometown?Why?/ Why not?

2、What is your favorite sport?

3、What do you often do in your spare time?

第一套

I、

1、Do you like music? Why/Why not?

2、What subject do you like best? Why?

3、Why do you learn spoken English?

II、

1、Do you like spoken English? Why/Why not?

2、Do you listen to music while you are studying?Why/Why not?

3、What will you do if you have a lot of money?

III、

1、Do you think friends are important to you? Why/Why not?

2、Please say sth about one of your best friends.

3、What TV programme do you like best? Why?

第二套

I、

1、Do you often watch TV? Why/Why not?

2、What are your hobbies? Please say sth about them.

3、How do you celebrate your birthday?

II、

1、How do you spend your weekends?

2、What‘s your favourite sport? Why?

3、Do you think money is very important to you?

III、

1、Do you think friendship is important to you? Why/Why not?

2、What is your favorite food? Why?

3、Do you like animals? Why/Why not?

第三套

I、

1、Please say sth about your hometown.

2、Do you often play computer games? Why/Why not?

3、What is your favorite university?Why?

II、

1、How do you spend your spare time?

2、Please say sth about one of your good friends

3、Do you love your school? Why/Why not?

III、

1、Do you like to have a part-time job?Why/Why not?

2、How do you find your English teacher?

3.What is your favorite subject?Why?

第四套

I、

1、How do you practise your spoken English?

2、Do you remember your parents‘ birthday?How do you celebrate them?

3、What season do you like best?Why?

II、

1、Would you please introduce your family?

2、Do you like fast food?Why/Why not?

3、Do you think friendship is important to you?Why/Why not?

III、

1、Do you share your feelings with your friends?Why/Why not?

2、Are you ready to help others?Why/Why not?

3、How do you improve your spoken English?

第五套

I、

1、Do you keep any pets?Why/Why not?

2、How will you spend your holidays this summer?

3、Do you like traveling?Why/Why not?

II、

1、How do you spend your pocket money?

2、Where would you like to travel?Why?

3、Do you think that good memory is important in learning English?Why/Why not?

III、

1、What kind of music do you like?

2、What do you do to improve your English?

3、Say sth about your hobby,please.

就只找到这些 希望对你有帮助

求2000年到2008 年 各省的模拟高考试题!!

课堂要求:培养分析篇章结构的能力

信息的整体输入是让学生通过观看课文录像,整体感知阅读材料,领略文章大意当然也不能忽略句子水平上的教学。语篇与句子之间存在着有机的联系,语篇水平上的教学与句子水平的教学应该结合进行,这样才能有利于阅读能力的提高。

1.字面理解层(Literal comprehension Level):这一层是指读者仅仅理解文章的字面意义,辨认和回想文章大意、细节、事件发生的顺序、人物特征和因果关系等。

2、推论理解层(inferential comprehension):这是读者根据文章的结构,从字里行间推测词义、文章大意、事件发生顺序、细节和人物特征的过程。

3、评论理解层(evaluative comprehension level):这是读者凭借自己的阅读经验和语言能力、分析、评价文章的优劣的过程。如评估信息的确切性,事件发生的可能性以及证明事实的可信性等。

上述阅读理解的三大层次有助于我们认识它们在阅读过程中相互间的关系和作用。字面理解层主要依靠语法能力或语言能力完成;推论理解层主要依靠阅读技巧和语言能力来完成;而评价理解层则是读者与作者的观点融合的过程。

掌握基本的英语词汇和语法结构的语言知识和一定的语言文化背景知识 ,是培养和提高阅读能力的前提.

解决途径:阅读各类英语读物可以帮助扩大词汇量加深对英语的认识、了解英语国家的文化

阅读要求:阅读不应以解题为目的,但读者应该带着问题去谈;阅读的过程中不要查阅词典,遇到生词时应该尽力推断其含义,如果推断不出,且词生词为不可不知的关键词,则读完文章后统一解决并背诵下来必要时还得复习同一词在其它句、文中的用法,通过接近联想,对比联想语言点,成为知识链,进而形成知识的网络。运用关键词对文学材料的主要内容和结构进行改写或复述。学生可以以阅读评价标准来衡量自己是否做到了这几点:

When and where does the story take place?

Who are the people in the story?

What are the problems?

What does the main character want to do?

What happens?

How does it end?

应拿出难度适中的一些文章“精读”,从词句到段到整个语篇进行仔细推敲,在阅读的基础上扩大词汇量。

利用课前5分钟,坚持每天一篇阅读训练

多读、多背、多用,注意分析积累,是提高英语阅读能力的惟一途径。

考试中的阅读技巧

掌握每种类型题目解题的方法,理顺思路,这样才能有利于他们在训练中及时反馈,提高解题的针对性,真正提高解题的能力。

学习和了解文章的结构

阅读理解文章的体裁主要有三类:叙述文、说明文和议论文。下面我们结合2000年12月份的大学英语四级考试真题来具体说明如何利用文章的结构特点来达到阅读的目的。

文章的写作方式上来看,一般都以记叙文和说明文为主。记叙文可分为传记类和故事类。

初级记叙类:通过时间线索与文中提及的事件连接起来

通过上述活动,既能帮助学生迅速抓住文章的主要内容,又有帮助他们记忆文章中的一些细节,还可以减轻他们复述课文的难度,而且还能学到传纪类文章的写作方法。

1、叙述文

叙述文一般以讲述个人生活经历为主,对于经历的陈述通常由一定的时间概念贯穿其中,或顺序或倒序。但是四级考试中一般不出现单纯的叙述文,因为单纯的叙述文比较简单、易懂。所以四级考试中的叙述文大多是夹叙夹议的文章。这类文章的基本结构模式是:

1) 用一段概括性的话引入要叙述的经历(话题)

2) 叙述先前的经历(举例1)及其感悟或发现

3) 叙述接下来的经历(举例2)及其感悟或发现

4) 做出总结或结论

只要理解了这类文章的结构特点解答问题就相当简单,因为这类文章后的阅读理解试题大多是和文章的内容先后顺序一致的细节题。

说明文的一般结构模式和叙述文的结构模式有相通之处即:提出问题(或以一个事例引出问题)---- (专家)发现直接原因----- 分析深层原因-----得出结论或找到出路。

知道了类似的文章结构特点,就可以据此来进行考题预测。就能判断出几个问题中肯定有一个要问原因,还有可能要出现推断题。

2.议论文

我们大家最容易辨认出来的议论文模式是主张---反主张模式。在这一模式中,作者首先提出一种普遍认可的观点或某些人认可的主张或观点,然后进行澄清,说明自己的主张或观点,或者说提出反主张或真实情况。

议论文的这种结构特点决定了它的主要题型是作者观点态度题,文章主旨题以及推理判断题。只要发现了这种结构特点,解答问题的主要任务就变成了到段落内找答案, 基本上不存在任何困难。

通过研究以上的文章结构特点,我们不难发现,在四级考试阅读理解中无论任何体裁的文章都遵循着这样一个共同的模式:提出话题(观点或事例)---- 用事例分析原因(或批驳观点)------得出结论。 对文章结构特点的把握有助于读者更加自觉地关注文章的开始和结尾,分清观点和事例,从而在四级考试的阅读理解中准确定位,快速答题。

3.细读题目

细读题目,审视它们针对什么提出问题。文章较短,可以先读文章,后看思考题。若文章较长,为了能迅速抓住要点,也可先浏览思考题,然后带着问题去读文章,这样,对文章的印象更深,能加深理解要点.

4.确定中心思想

在确定文章的中心思想时,要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句,但也有一些文章,中心思想常常贯穿在全文中,因此要求学生综观全文对段落的内容要融会贯通,对文章有个透彻的理解。

我们应当把标题默念一两遍,想象文章的内容和走向,这样有利于对文章的理解,提高做题的效率。

(1)找出主题句,了解英语段落的组成

说明文和议论文的段落一般都有主题句,而且大多位于每段的开头(少数情况位于段落末尾或中间)

一个完整的段落总是表达一个中心内容或主题,其通常可以用一句话来概括,即主题句。在说明文或议论文中,段落通常有四部分组成:主题句,整个段落的核心;发展句,对中心意思作进一步说明或描述,是整个段落的主体;过渡句,起承上启下的作用;结论句,对内容进行归纳,起强调主题作用。

抓住每句的关键词,特别是谓语动词,抓住了谓语动词(包括其宾语和附属成分),也就抓住了句子的脉络,也就能迅速地理解整个句子;另外,要注意识别代词,如it,this,they,those,one等,根据上下文判断其指代内容;注意识别省略成分,明确省略内容;注意识别逻辑用语(如:at first,for example, then等),从而准确理解全文的篇章结构;注意识别语法过渡词(如:already,ago,often等)、语气转折词(如:but,while,yet等)及时态等把握文脉

6.正确对待生词

阅读文章时,理解词义是基础。遇到忘记或根本不认识的单词或一时看不懂的语言点,不要马上停下来,应先做个记号放置一边,继续读下去,通过上下文或构词法大胆猜测生词的含义,通过分析语法结构推敲语句的语义,以加快阅读速度,提高阅读理解的能力。

1).根据语境,猜词悟义

但如果课内课文同一个生词在阅读中多次出现,则可求助于字典。

猜词悟义不仅应用于课外阅读,而且可用于课文教学。让学生先读课文,再学生词,有利于阅读能力的培养。

2).根据构词法

3).运用归纳法(敏特)

利用语境,分析句子结构的关系,结合常识来推测词的意义,如同位语关系、反义关系、因果关系等,对文章句子理解的基础上猜测词义,加强阅读理解的能力巩固掌握所学语法知识。语法是语言的组织规律,是关于词形变化和组词成句的规则。熟练掌握和运用语法知识,如时态、语态、语气,从句等

4).定义法

文中常用解释性词语引出生词含义,如to be,to be called, to call, that is,mean,in other words 等。有时也以同位语,定语从句的形式出现,或用破折号、括号来表示。

5).对比法。

在 but, however, yet, otherwise, though这些表示转折意义的连词出现的句子中,其前后的次有明显的对比关系。根据已知的内容,通过这种对比关系,就很容易猜出生词的意义了。

6).生活常识法

7).因果猜测法。

Because, since, as连接原因状语从句,so, so…that, such…that连接结果状语从句,通过前因后果的对比,依据已知部分,往往能猜出生词的意义。

8).and, or等词连接的两个词、词组或短语在句中是属于同意范畴的,作用也相同,因此可以推出其中新单词的意义。

9).例证法。

根据列举的事例可以新单词的意义。例如:I have a toothache. I need to go to the dentist.从toothache不难猜出dentist 为“牙科医生”。

10).注意连词

连词是阅读中必须注意的一个重要方面。首先,它反映了句与句各层次意思之间的逻辑关系,如时间、因果、条件、让步等等。其次,它显示了文章思路的发展和段落组织的不同方法。

11).标点符号(如破折号、冒号都表示解释和说明)

12).利用同义词、反义词进行猜测:

一些常见的标志词语有or, like , similarly等,例如:Mr Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquacious.史密斯先生很健谈,他的妻子也同样好说。

很显然,similarly是个语境线索,他暗示loquacious意为love to talk。而一些反义词是揭示事物的不同点,形成鲜明的对比,以增强表达效果。常见的反义词语境线索有:yet, but, unlike, however, although, while, not…but…,instead of…,on the other hand, on the contrary, by contrast, rather than等。

例如:a:Written language tends to be static, while spoken language constantly changes.书面语言是稳定的,而口头语言则经常变化。

b:If you agree, write“yes”,if you dissent, write “no”,显然前者表示肯定,后者表示否定;由此推知dissent 是 agree的反义词,即“不赞成”。

13).联系上、下文,结合常识进行推断.

掌握具体事实和重要细节,变章确定了要表达的中心思想后,还必须通过许多细节的信息来进一步解释或表达主题,体现中心思想,掌握这些细节是归纳概括文章中心思想的基础,对于理解全文的作用是不容忽视的,阅读文章时,要求学生养成辩动和记忆具体事实、重要细节的习惯,这些具体事实、重要细节是主题句的扩展、补充说明或例证,是用来支持说明中心思想的重要观点.

14)逻辑推理

逻辑推理是深层理解的主要方法。根据文章提供的信息和自己已有的知识,理解并归纳出作者的立场、观点、感情和写作目的。通过提高逻辑分析能力以及培养语篇宏观语境的推断能力和想象力,从而提高阅读理解能力。逻辑推理,挖掘深层内涵利用平常积累的词语的辨析和感彩

7.按意群阅读

按意群阅读是提高阅读速度的关键。将文章划分为多个意群,从语篇的整体着眼,提高学生对整篇文章的概括力。如名词有复数形式,有所有格形式,动词有现在分词、过去时和过去分词。形容词有比较级和最高级形式。一些词有其固定的用法,如介词后面要跟名词或代词作宾语,冠词后面是名词,情态动词后面接动词原形,连词前后词性和句式要保持一致。掌握了这些特点,一方面巩固了基础知识,阅读时就可以以句子为单位,分清意群之间的关系,达到整体理解整体阅读,从而提高阅读速度和准确率。

8.阅读应避免的问题:a.慢读b.指读c.声读d心读

克服心读的有效方法就是有意识地控制阅读时间,让学生将阅读速度加快到超过最快的讲话速度,使学生没有时间去念每个单词的音。

f.回视

一要先做一些较为简单的阅读材料,使他们觉得难度适中,树立读懂的信心。二要使学生不断地自我提醒,克服这一坏习惯。

g.心译

认识到阅读英语时用英语思维模式(英语→英语)理解所阅读内容的重要性,并在平时阅读中自觉去克服方可奏效。

h.过多地依赖工具书

克服这一习惯的方法是让学生学会猜测,掌握猜词的技巧,利用上下文意思、构词法、同义、反义、定义、解释等技巧得到词的意思。

9.细读文章

细读文章,掌握具体事实和重要细节内容。特别注意文中的人名、年龄、时间、地点、日期、年代、数字等。出题人有时故意在不同人的不同事件上做文章,有时故意将时间地点颠倒,把数字搞混等。因此,要有意留心这些细节,可边读边用铅笔作些标记,要逐步养成辨认和记忆重要细节的阅读习惯。

10.热身活动

在考前的一周,对学生进行考前热身活动,帮助他们培养耐力,克服焦虑情绪。

参考资料:

对不起,本人通过很多网站上的内容总结而来的,不能一一列举出来

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style="font-size: 18px;font-weight: bold;border-left: 4px solid #a10d00;margin: 10px 0px 15px 0px;padding: 10px 0 10px 20px;background: #f1dada;">高考英语(上海卷)完型填空真题~~附答案的~~狂赏

一、高考听力测试题的特点

1.测试目的和要求

高考听力测试以语篇(对话或独白)为测试载体,在语言使用的场景中测试学生使用语音、语法、词汇知识的能力,主要是考查考生对所听信息的正确理解能力和快速反应能力。听力测试要点包括:1)理解主旨和大意。2)获取事实性的具体信息,如时间、地点、人物等。3)简单推断谈话背景、人物关系等。4)理解说话人的意图、观点或态度。一般来讲, 说话人总会有说话的意图,或提出或回答问题,阐述自己的观点,表明自己的态度。有时,说话者的意图或观点被明确说出,有时则隐含在语篇的字里行间,需要我们去揣摩、推测。

2.测试的形式和难度

高考英语听力测试约需20分钟左右,共20个小题,计分30分。设问全部是特殊疑问句,几乎涵盖了所有的疑问类型,如:what , who, when, where, why, how, what time, how many,how much, how long, how old, how soon, how often 等,选项为“3选1”。听力测试共分两节:第一节是听五段简短对话,每段对话后仅有一个选择题,每段对话仅读一遍。主要考查考生对语音、数字(时间、日期、号码、价格等)、字母、句子结构及句意等的快速反应能力和理解能力。

第二节包括5段对话或独白,共15小题,每段材料播放两遍。主要考查考生对较长对话或短文的整体理解和把握能力,及对细节的归纳综合能力和判断推理能力等。

在听力部分的两节中,第一节的材料内容较少,难度较小;第二节内容较多,难度稍大。录音文字材料的难度略低于阅读材料,全部采用口语体。听力材料的读速接近于英美人的正常语速。2004年的全国高考听力题与2000年的相比较,2004年的听力测试的语速明显加快,材料的长度也有所增加。这是一个值得引起我们注意的发展趋势。

3.测试的话题和材料

高考听力材料的选择非常重视语言的真实性原则,语言材料一般来源于实际生活,涉及到现实生活的方方面面,如日常生活、文化教育、传说、时事、人物、科普等。对话一般围绕一个日常生活的话题展开。如:购物、买票、道别、感谢、打电话、约会、偏爱、祝愿和祝贺、提供帮助、请求、问路、看病、求救等。

二、高考听力测试的应试技巧

1.培养良好心态

听力测试题不同于其它题型,不可能像其它书面题型一样遇到不明白的地方可以回过头来看前面的材料或停下来自由地思考一下。听力测试的做题速度是由命题人统一掌握的,录音材料瞬息即逝,无“回听”的机会或自由思考的余地。考生临场心态对听力成绩有着极大的影响。考生必须培养良好的心态。

1)消除紧张心理。听力测试时,要做到心情平静,心态放松,精力集中。如果感到测试前心情比较紧张,做几次深呼吸,可有效缓解紧张情绪。

2)克服急躁心理。有些同学在听力测试时,不是听材料大意,而是专注于听个别单词。有个别词没听懂,往往停下来去思索,随即产生急躁焦虑心理,头脑一片空白,等回过神来时,录音早已放完。因此要学会顾全大局,局部放弃而取整体,并借助“精神胜利法”给自已释压减负。

2.学会预测话题

考生可以根据每个小题的问题及选项的提示来预测和推测录音材料的内容。从而做到心中有数,提前做好心理准备,获得主动。

3.合理分配注意力

科学合理地分配注意力,可以有效地提高听力测试成绩。掌握下列技巧:

1)学会听前抢读;2)学会边听边记;3)学会听关键词。

4.拓宽背景知识

背景知识也是影响听力效果的一个重要因素。因为语言是一种工具,是知识和文化的载体,所以听力材料必定涉及科普知识和社会文化知识。考生的百科知识越广博,越有助于对听力材料的理解。广泛地阅读和收集各种信息,不但有助于扩大知识面,也有益于听力成绩的提高。

5.熟悉交际用语

听力考试中常出现Where does the conversation take place ?What is the man's profession?, 之类的问题,考生要通过对话的具体情节和背景判断对话发生的地点、人物职业、人物关系等。熟悉特定的场景用语和关键词,这一点很重要。记住下面一些常用的场景用语。

餐馆(restaurant)用语:menu, bill, order, tip, hamburger, sandwich, soup,dish, beer,

softdrink等; 医院(hospital)用语:take medicine, temperature, pill , headache, fever, blood pressure 等; 宾馆(hotel)用语:luggage, single room, double room., room number 等;邮局(post office)用语: mail, deliver, stamp envelope, telegram等;机场(airport)用语:flight, take off, land, luggage 等;车站(railway station)用语: round trip, single trip, sleeping car等;商店(shop)用语: on sale, size, color, price, change等;学校(school)用语: professor, exam, course, dining hall, playground 等。

做英语阅读理解题的技巧是什么?

Being alone in outer space can be frightening.That is one reason why astronauts on solo(单独的) space flights were given plenty of work to keep them 45 .They were also in constant communication with people on the earth._ 46 ,being with people from whom you cannot get away might be even harder than being alone.This is what happens on long submarine(潜水艇) voyages.It will also happen on 47 space flights in the future.Will there be special problems of adjustment under such conditions?

Scientists have studied the reactions of men to one another during long submarine voyages.They have found that the longer the voyage lasts the more serious the problem of___ 48___ is.When men are 49 together for a long period,they begin to feel uneasy.Everyone has little habits of speaking and behaving that are ordinarily acceptable.In the limited space over a long period of time,however,these little habits may become very 50 .

Apparently,although no one wants to be 51 all the time,everyone needs some degree of privacy.When people are enclosed together,they are in what is called a stress situation.That means that they are under an unusual amount of 52 or stress.

People who are well-adjusted are able to 53 stress situations better than others.That is one reason why so much care is taken in 54 our astronauts.These men undergo a long period of testing and training.One of the things tested is their behaviour under stress.

45.A.tired B.asleep C.conscious D.busy

46.A.So far B.After all C.However D.Therefore

47.A.long B.fast C.dangerous D.direct

48.A.fuel B.entertainment C.adjustment D.health

49.A.shut up B.held up C.brought up D.picked up

50.A.pleasing B.annoying C.common D.valuable

51.A.noisy B.alone C.personal D.sociable

52.A.emphasis B.conflict C.power D.pressure

53.A.handle B.create C.affect D.investigate

54.A.becoming B.choosing

C.ordering D.promoting

B

One topic is rarely mentioned in all the talk of improving standards in our schools:the almost complete failure of foreign-language teaching.As a French graduate who has taught for more than twenty-five years.I believe I have some idea of why the failure is so total. 55 the faults already found out in the education system as a whole—such as child-centred learning,the “discovery” method,and the low expectations by teachers of pupils—there have been several serious 56 which have a direct effect on language teaching.

The first is the removal from the curriculum(课程) of the thorough teaching of English 57 .Pupils now do not know a verb from a noun,the subject of a sentence from its object,or the difference between the past,present,or future.

Another important error is mixed-ability teaching,or teaching in ability groups so 58 that the most able pupils are 59 and are bored while the least able are lost and 60 bored.

Strangely enough,few head teachers seem to be in favour of mixed-ability school football teams.

Progress depends on memory,and pupils start to forget immediately they stop having 61

lessons.This is why many people who attended French lessons at school,even those who got good grades,have forgotten it a few years later. 62 they never need it,they do not practise it.

Most American schools have accepted what is inevitable and 63 modern languages,even Spanish,from the curriculum.Perhaps it is time for Britain to do the same,and stop

64 resources on a subject which few pupils want or need.

55.A.Due to B.In addition to

C.Instead of D.In spite of

56.A.errors B.situations C.systems D.methods

57.A.vocabulary B.culture C.grammar D.literature

58.A.wide B.similar C.separate D.unique

59.A.kept out B.turned down

C.held back D.left behind

60.A.surprisingly B.individually

C.equally D.hardly

61.A.extra B.traditional C.basic D.regular

62.A.Although B.Because C.Until D.Unless

63.A.restored B.absorbed C.prohibited D.withdrawn

64.A.wasting B.focusing C.exploiting D.sharing

45.答案:D

解析:busy意为“忙碌的”。根据上文中的“...were given plenty of work”可判断出给他们足够的工作使他们保持忙碌的状态。tired意为“疲劳的,累的,疲倦的”。asleep意为“睡着的,睡熟的”。conscious意为“有意识的,有知觉的”。

46.答案:C

解析:however意为“然而,可是”。根据“They were also in constant communication with people on the earth”和“being with people from whom you cannot get away might be even harder than being alone”是转折关系,所以要用however。so far意为“迄今为止”;after all意为“毕竟”;therefore意为“因此,所以”。

47.答案:A

解析:long意为“长的,长期的”。根据上文中的“This is what happens on long submarine voyages.”可判断出要用long,表示“对于将来长时间的太空飞行也是这样。”also意为“也”,fast意为“快速的”;dangerous意为“危险的”;direct意为“直接的”。

48.答案:C

解析:adjustment意为“调整,调节”。根据上文中的“Will there be special problems of adjustment under such conditions”可判断出表示航行的时间越长,调节的问题越严重。fuel意为“燃料”;entertainment意为“款待,,表演”;health意为“健康”。

49.答案:A

解析:shut up意为“关闭,关上”。表示“当把一些人长时间关在一起,他们就开始感觉不舒服”。故选A项。hold up意为“举起,支撑,继续下去,阻挡,拦截”;bring up意为“教育,培养”;pick up意为“捡起,获得”。

50.答案:B

解析:annoying意为“恼人的,讨厌的”。根据上文中的“Everyone has little habits of speaking and behaving that are ordinarily acceptable.”可判断出“当人长时间待在有限的空间内,这些小的习惯就变得令人恼火”。acceptable和annoying含有相反的意味;pleasing意为“令人高兴的,愉快的,合意的”;common意为“共同的,公共的,公有的,普通的”;valuable意为“贵重的,有价值的,颇有价值的”。

51.答案:B

解析:alone意为“孤独的,独自的”。根据上面两段的内容可判断出任何人都不愿意孤独。noisy意为“嘈杂的,聒噪的”;personal意为“私人的,个人的,亲自的”;sociable意为“好交际的,友善的,增进友谊的,喜欢群居的”。

52.答案:D

解析:pressure意为“压,压力”;表示“这意味着他们处于不正常的压力和紧张中”。emphasis意为“强调,重点”;conflict意为“斗争,冲突”;power意为“能力,力量,动力,权力”。

53.答案:A

解析:handle 意为“处理,操作”。表示“自我调节好的人比其他人能够更好地处理紧张局面”。create意为“创造,创作,引起,造成”;affect意为“影响,感动”;investigate意为“调查,研究”。

54.答案:B

解析:choose意为“选择,选定”。根据上文中的“People who are well-adjusted are able to handle stress situations better than others”可判断出要挑选那些自我调节好的人当宇航员。become意为“变成,成为,变得”;order意为“命令,订购,定制”;promote意为“促进,发扬,提升,提拔,晋升为”。

55.答案:B

解析:in addition to意为“除……之外”,指“除……外还有”,根据句意选B项。due to意为“由于,应归于”;instead of意为“代替,而不是”;in spite of意为“不管”。

56.答案:A

解析:error意为“错误,过失,误差”。根据第三段“Another important error is mixed-ability teaching”可判断出有几个对语言教学产生影响的严重错误。故选A项。situation意为“情形,境遇”;system意为“系统,体系,制度,体制,秩序,规律,方法”;method意为“方法”。

57.答案:C

解析:grammar意为“语法”。根据下文中的“Pupils now do not know a verb from a noun,the subject of a sentence from its object,or the difference between the past,present,or future.”可判断出这里指的是语法,因为区分动词和名词、主语和宾语、过去时、现在时和将来时都属于语法问题。vocabulary意为“词汇,词汇量,词表”;culture意为“文化,文明”;literature意为“文学(作品),文艺,著作,文献”。

58.答案:A

解析:wide意为“宽的,广阔的”。根据下文中的“the most able pupils are held back and are bored while the least able are lost and equally bored.”可判断出所教的学生的能力差别太大。similar意为“相似的,类似的”;separate意为“分开的,分离的,个别的,单独的”;unique意为“唯一的,独特的”。

59.答案:C

解析:hold back意为“阻止,抑制”。根据上文的内容可判断出“由于所教学生的能力差别太大,能力最强的学生受到了抑制”。keep out意为“使……在外”;turn down意为“(被)向下折转,拒绝”;leave behind意为“留下,遗留”。

60.答案:C

解析:equally意为“相等地,平等地,公平地”。根据上文中的“while the least able are lost”可判断出因为能力最差的学生听不懂所讲的课程,所以他们和能力最强的学生一样感到无聊。surprisingly意为“令人惊讶地”;individually意为“个别地”;hardly意为“几乎不”。

61.答案:D

解析:regular意为“规则的,有秩序的,经常的”。表示“进步依赖于记忆,学生们上完常规的课程很快开始遗忘。regular lessons指“学生在学校学习的课程”;extra意为“额外的”;traditional意为“传统的,惯例的”;basic意为“基本的”。

62.答案:B

解析:because意为“因为”。they do not practice it与they never need it是因果关系,表示“因为他们需要它,所以也不练习它”。although意为“虽然”;until意为“到……为止,在……以前”;unless意为“如果不,除非”。

63.答案:D

解析:withdraw意为“收回,撤销,缩回,退出”。表示“大多数美国学校认为这是不可避免的,并从课程表中取消了现代语言,甚至西班牙语”。restore意为“恢复,使回复,归还,交还,修复,重建”;absorb意为“吸收,吸引”;prohibit意为“禁止,阻止”。

64.答案:A

解析:waste意为“浪费,消耗”。根据上文中的inevitable可判断出由于学生不学这门语言就会遗忘是一件不可避免的事,所以应该停止浪费学习一门学生们不想学习或不需要学习课程方面所花费的资源。focus意为“调焦,集中”;explore意为“探险,探测,探究”;share意为“分享,均分,共有,分配”。

阅读是主动地、积极地获取信息的创造行为,是培养学生通过视觉感知书面文字符号并获取信息能力的途径,更是提高听、说、写能力的有力杠杆,它在英语学习中起着至关重要的作用。在近几年的高考英语试卷中,阅读的分值(阅读理解,完形填空,改错)占了整个试卷分值的一半以上。99年高考英语试卷阅读理解的篇幅在增长,难度也有所加大。笔者认为要提高英语阅读水平,学生需做到以下几点:

一、多采用Top-down阅读法

自上而下(Top-down)阅读是从语篇整体出发,把注意力集中在通过文字符号获取信息上,即按文章所给的标题先对文章的内容与含义作出推断,理解作者所要表达的意思。

运用自上而下的阅读法的关键是培养学生预测、推断文章内容和含义的能力,从而提高阅读理解能力。

通过略看文章的总体结构安排或文章的标题来预测文章的内容及深层含义,可从下列几方面去推测:

1.文章写了哪几方面的内容?

2.作者将从哪几方面来阐述?

3.内容将如何发展下去?

在阅读时要注意不同的英文文体,因为文体对信息的组织和布局模式有着重大影响。训练掌握各种英语文体的结构特征,有利于归纳文章和进行逻辑推理。例如:记叙文以叙事为主必定有三个要素:情节、人物和背景。情节的发展多以时间、地点的转移为线索。因此,阅读记叙文时,必须抓住时间这条线索,以人物为中心,弄清故事的发生、发展、结局。再如议论文和说明文有一个共同点,就是段落大多有主题句(较多地出现在段首或段末),要抓住主题句,发掘每一个主旨,弄清文章的中心论点,以便更加详细地预测文章的内容,吃透整篇文章的表层及深层含义。

二、正确处理好精读与泛读间的关系。

精读和泛读是阅读时两种主要方法,两者相辅相存,不可偏废也无法代替。

1.注重阅读材料的选择。

选择合适的精泛阅读材料是提高英语阅读的重要手段。选择字数为200左右,后面配有习题的阅读材料为宜。阅读材料体裁要多样化——叙事类、科普类、议论或说明类、广告类等。要注重文章的实用性。所选材料的难易程度以理解正确率达60%~70%,生词量不超过4%为恰当。

2.精读泛读相辅相存。

比起泛读,精读是点。对一些有一定难度写得较好的文章要进行剖析,要归纳、总结作者的写作意图、思路及中心论点,最后达到获取详细信息和深层次内容的目的。如果说精读是点,泛读即是面。只有通过大量阅读,才能积累大量词汇、结构和句型,才能积累大量词汇、结构和句型,才能扩大知识面,培养语感,提高对文字的反应能力。在泛读时,要根据上下文提高自己猜测生词的能力,不要一看到生词就查词典,要弄清文中批示代词和人称代词所指代的对象。要对自己进行限时阅读。一篇200字左右难度适中的阅读文章,争取6分钟之内做完其阅读理解题。在阅读时,要多积累英、美等国家的社会、历史、地理、文化及风俗方面的知识,这有利于提高阅读水平。要培养良好的阅读习惯。阅读时,要从意群上去看,不要逐字读,更不要用笔或手指边指边出声读,这样有碍理解文章的意思,而且影响阅读速度。

阅读是一个综合过程,阅读能力的提高更是一个循序渐进的过程。学生只有坚持不懈,锲而不舍地改进阅读方法,培养阅读兴趣,才能达到事半功倍的效果。

影响阅读理解的因素可分为知识性障碍和非知识性障碍。知识性障碍包括:1.词汇障碍2..语法障碍 3.背景知识障碍 。非知识性障碍包括:1. 心理障碍 2.阅读习惯. 3..阅读速度4.阅读技巧

(一)重视英语词汇和习惯用法的积累

美国语言学家Driller (1978)根据词汇统计特征指出:如果我们认得25个最常见的英文单词,平均每页纸上的词我们会认得33%;如果认得135个常用词,则为50%;如果认得2500个,则为78%;如果认得5 000个,则为80%;一旦记得10 000个,可达92%。可见,阅读能力的高低和词汇量的大小是分不开的,目前大部分学生的词汇量偏少, 这是影响阅读能力提高的主要因素。那么怎样才能提高学生的词汇量呢?

1. 构词记忆法

据估计,英语词汇有100万到120万,但大部分单词是由构词法构成的。构词法包括派生、合成和转化。在教学中,让学生掌握常用的前缀(un/dis/im/il /super.)、后缀( ly/ less/ ful/ ment…)的含义及用法,就可以根据已知词猜出它的派生词,从而达到扩大词汇的目的。如:前缀super 有超过,超越的含义,就可以猜出supermarket (超级市场)supernatural (超自然的)、 superman (超人)、superstar (超级明星)等词的含义。。

2. 联想记忆法

由一个词联想到和它有关或无关的词,如看到live vi 生活,联想到其他词性及用法,如,直播的、活的等词义。

3. 广泛阅读记忆法

“To read well, you need a strong vocabulary.. To build a strong vocabulary, you need to read well.” 这句名言道出了阅读和词汇量的关系。要有流利的阅读,就必须有丰富的词汇。大量的阅读可以丰富你的词汇。

(二) 牢固掌握语法知识

近年来的NMET阅读理解短文的句式结构趋向复杂,语法知识在阅读中的作用已经突显出来。如在阅读中遇到另人费解的长句、难句,就可以借助语法,对句子进行适当的分析,搞清各部分的关系,从而准确理解整句的意思。以Decision-thinking is not unlike poker-it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.(NMET 2000) 为例。该句的29个词中包含了主语从句,宾语从句、并列句和破折号连接的附加说明等多种关系。其中并列句中又有复合句,复合句中又有并列句。只有把句子的成分一一理清,才能掌握其意思。

(三)、积累一定的文化背景知识和生活知识

英语阅读能力的提高不仅需要一定的语言知识,还要有一定的文化背景知识和生活知识。例如在NMET2003的阅读理解A篇,该篇选材涉及地理,介绍了两座farthest/ most distant inhabited islands,一个为Guinness Book of Records 所认定的Tristan da Cunha;另一为复活岛(Easter Island)文章中出现了较多的专有名词,对于阅读经验不足的同学会形成干扰,而对于那些对Easter Day 等背景知识了解的同学,相对就会好些。另外在C篇中,出现了书刊号,如果熟悉这些,就会减少好多阅读困难。

(四)培养良好的阅读习惯,掌握有效的阅读技巧

要养成良好的阅读习惯,就要求平时多朗读,背诵精彩段落和文章,以培养语感。另外,有的同学在阅读时出声读、点读或回读,这些不良习惯都会影响阅读速度和对文章的理解。所以要克服这些不良习惯,作到不回读,不声读,不点读等。只有这样,阅读速度才能加快,理解的准确率才能提高。

除了良好的阅读习惯外,也要掌握正确的阅读技巧。教师要指导学生形成正确的思维方法。一般阅读时应注意以下几点:

1、略读(Skimming)即迅速浏览全文,抓住文章大意和主题句,明确作者的态度和意图。

2、跳读(Skipping) 即快速查找某一相关信息,读时要一目十行,对不相关的内容一带而过。

3、猜测生词(Guessing the new words) 在阅读过程中,不可避免的会遇到生词。如果一遇到生词就去查字典,或跳过去不看,都会影响对文章的理解。这样就要猜测生词的意思。不同的语境,单词的意思也就不一样。所以要根据上下文线索和构词法等知识去猜测。

“冰冻三尺,非一日之寒” 提高阅读能力,不是一朝一夕就能做到的。只要坚持正确的阅读方法,培养兴趣,广泛阅读,积累词汇,并且养成良好的阅读习惯,阅读理解能力一定会逐步提高。

英语阅读理解技巧

新的高中英语教学大纲明确规定:"侧重提高阅读能力"。纵观近几年的高考英语试题,我们不难看出,阅读理解能力是高考考查的重点,自始至终占着主导地位,并且有逐年增加的趋势。可以毫不夸张地说,做好阅读理解题,是获得高考英语高分的关键!

阅读理解能力测试的主要要求是:

1. 读材料的主旨和大意,以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。

2. 既理解具体的事实,也理解抽象的概念。

3. 既理解字面的意思,也理解深层的含义,包括作者的态度,意图等。

4. 既理解某句,某段的含义,也理解全篇的逻辑关系,并据此进行推理和判断。

5. 既能根据所提供的信息去理解,也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。根据这五项要求,我们可将阅读理解多项选择题归纳为以下几种题型:细节理解题,词句理解题,主题、主旨题,猜测词义题,推理判断题。下面作者结合平时教学中的经验体会,谈一谈做英语阅读理解题的技巧与策略。

一、 先看题干,带着问题读文章。

即先看试题,再读文章。阅读题干,首先要掌握问题的类型,分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案;而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调,作者未加陈述的观点以及贯穿全文的中心主旨的理解等,这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次,了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息,然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读,对有关信息进行快速定位,再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比,有根有据地排除干扰项,选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性,提高了做题的准确率,节省了宝贵的时间。特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。

二、 速读全文,了解大意知主题。

阅读的目的是获取信息。一个人的阅读能力的高低决定了他能否快速高效吸收有用信息。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力。没有一定的阅读速度就不能顺利地输入信息,更谈不上运用英语。近几年的高考阅读速度大约是每分钟40个词左右。考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读,搜寻关键词、主题句,捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点,并且理清文章脉络,把握语篇实质。

抓主题句这是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头和结尾。用归纳法撰写的文章,都是表述细节的句子在前,概述性的句子居后。此时主题句就是文章的最后一句。通常用演绎法撰写的文章,大都遵循从一般到个别的写作程序,即从概述开始,随之辅以细说。这时,主题句就是文章的第一句。当然也有些文章没有主题句,需要读者自己去归纳。主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用,主旨大意题,归纳概括题,中心思想题往往直接可从主题句中找到答案。

试试看,你能找出下面一段文章的主题句吗?

The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.

不难看出,文章的第一句是主题句,后面的句子都围绕这个句子展开。

三、 详读细节,理顺思路与文章脉络。

文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文,有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心,以时间或空间为线索,按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事;论述体则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素,通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可根据文章的特点,详读细节,以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索,找出关键词语,运用"画图列表法",勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。

四、 逻辑推理,做好深层理解题。

在实际阅读中,有时作者并未把意图说出来,阅读者要根据字面意思,通过语篇逻辑关系,研究细节的暗示,推敲作者的态度,理解文章的寓义。这就是通常所说的深层理解。深层理解主要包括归纳概括题(中心思想,加标题等)和推理判断题,是阅读理解中的难点。深层理解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文;要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据,立足已知推断未知,不能凭空想象,随意揣测;它要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理,不能就事论事,以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思,推理才有前提和基础。

推理题在提问中常用的词有:infer, imply, suggest, indicate等。

例如高考题:

Annealing

Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping (浸) it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle-that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as it is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other material, such as glass.

1. Why do people put hot metal in water?

A. To make it hard. B. To make it soft.

C. To make it cool. D. To make it brittle.

2. In annealing, the required hardness of metal depends on __.

A. the quantity of water used B. the temperature of the metal

C. the softness of the metal D. the timing of the operation

3. As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle?

A. It can be heated and then cooled quickly.

B. It can be cooled and then heated slowly.

C. It can be heated and then cooled slowly.

D. It can be cooled and then heated quickly.

1、 答案为A,此题属推断归纳题。文中第二句说如果把金属加热,然后迅速放到水里冷却,也就会变得非常硬,但也变得脆。hard 是工艺的主观目的。brittle是伴随的客观结果,故选A而不选D。B项明显错误;C项是手段不是目的,因此,都可排除。

2、 答案为D,此题属概括归纳题。timing 是时间的选择。本答案的依据是5和6两句,"The metal is heated,…length of time.","The longer…the softer it becomes."cool 的时间是可以控制的,时间越长越 soft,即硬度就越低。由此我们可得出结论:在退火过程中,金属的硬度是受到冷却的时间长短影响的。

3、 答案为C此题属推理判断题。文中提到"metal"。最后一句说退火工艺同样可用于象玻璃一类的其他材料。文中我们已知"annealing"就是先"heat"后"cool slowly"。由此推断C是正确的。

五、 猜词悟义,扫除阅读拦路虎。

猜词是应用英语的重要能力,也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文,而且要有较大的泛读量,掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会"顺藤摸瓜",通过构词,语法,定义,同位,对比,因果,常识,上下文等线索确定词义。

a. 定义法

如:Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.

句子给予annealing 以明确的定义,即"退火"。

It will be very hard but also very brittle------that is , it will break easily.

从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是"脆"的意思。

The herdsman , who looks after sheep,earns about 650yuan a year.

定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为"牧人"。

b 同位法

如:

They traveled a long way , at last got to a castle, a large building in old times.

同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义,即"城堡"。

We are on the night shift----from midnight to 8 a.m.---this week.

两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是"夜班"的意思。

c. 对比法

She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.

but 一词表转折,因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天"第一节上了一半才来",因此反向推理,可得出她平时一向"准时"的结论。

d. 构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)

Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred?

possibility 是 possible 的同根名词, 据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是"可能性"。

e. 因果法

The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken。Sometimes the weakness was permanent。So the player could never play the sport again.

从后面的结果"永远不能再运动"中,可以推测 permanent

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