主语从句高考真题_主语从句在高考

1.江苏高考英语知识点

2.主语从句的引导词是如何选择？

3.高考中能用到的英语语法和各语法的学习思路或方法 还有盈余作文中的套话语句

4.主语从句有陈述语序吗？

5.一道93年英语高考选择题

6.主语从句：2003年上海英语高考题第三十六题

7.什么是主语从句？举例说明一下并在例子中详细说明！

下面是各种从句汇总，是从人教版新目标初中，高中教材汇总的, 依次是

定语从句，主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句：

在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如：

The man(先行词) who（引导词）lives next to us sells vegetables.

You must do everything(先行词) that（引导词）I do.

关系代词：

that(指物，指人), which（指物）, who（指人）(宾格whom, 所有格whose)

关系副词：

where, when, why。

关系代/副词作用：

连接主从句

指代先行词

在从句中作句子成分

●关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose引导的定语从句

that 在从句中作主语或宾语

A plane is a machine that can fly. (that 在从句中作主语)

The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. (作宾语)

Who is the man that is reading a book over there? (作主语)

The girl (that) we saw yesterday was Jim’s sister. (作宾语)

which在从句中作主语或宾语

They planted some trees which didn’t need much water. (作主语)

The fish (which) we bought this morning were not fresh. (作宾语)

who, whom在从句中分别作主语或宾语

The foreigner who visited our class yesterday is from Canada. (作主语)

The boy who broke the window is called Tom. (作主语)

The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li. (作宾语)

（应该可以改为The person whom (whom这里应该可以省略) you you just talked to is Mr. Li.）

Mrs Read is the person to whom you should write. (作宾语)

(=Mrs Read is the person whom(whom这里应该可以省略) you should write to.)

whose和它所修饰的名词在定语从句中可作主语及动词或介词的宾语

用作名词的限定语；whose引导的定语从句既可为限制性的，也可为非限制性的。先行词既可为人，也可为物。如：

This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world.

I went to see my friends(,)? the Smiths, whose children I used to look after when they were small.

The room whose window faces south is mine.

He has written a book whose name I’ve forgotten.

= He has written a book the name of which I’ve forgotten.

= He has written a book that I’ve forgotten the name of.

= He has written a book of which I’ve forgotten the name.

Sarah got an email from the woman whose house we visited last week.

●由关系副词when, where, why引导的定语从句

when在从句中作时间状语

October 1, 1949 is the day when (=on which) the People’s Republic of China was founded.

I’ll never forget the time when (= during which) we worked on the farm.

Do you remember the afternoon when (= on which) we first met three years ago?

where在从句中作地点状语

This is the place where (=at/in which) we first met.

The hotel where (=in which) we stayed wasn’t very clean.

I recently went to the town where (=in which) I was born.

I’d like to live in a country where (=in which) there is plenty of sunshine.

why在从句中作原因状语

I didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the reason why (=for which) I left.

The reason why (=for which) he was late was that he missed his train.

● 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句

主句、从句不用逗号分开；限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。

如：

What is the name of the tall man who just came in?

Beijing is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit.

He has found the book (that) he was looking for.

She married a man(that/whom/who) she met on a bus.

This was the time when the two countries were at war.

在限制性定语从句中，在某些表示时间、地点的词后，关系副词在口语中有时省略。如：

That was the year (when) I first went abroad.

We need a place (where) we can stay for a few days.

非限制性定语从句

和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词做写附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that引导。关系词不可省略。如，

Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a very long history.

Yesterday I met Liping, who seemed to be very busy.

St Petersburg, which is a very beautiful city, was once called Leningrad.

说明：

1. 关系副词why引导的定语从句的先行词只有reason一词，why可转换为for which, 在口语中可用that或者省略。如

The reason (why / for which/ that) I bought the roses is that Mary likes them.

2. how 不能用作关系副词，不用来引导定语从句。修饰表示方式的why的定于从句用in which来引导，也可用that或省略。如，

This is the way (how) I did it. <误>

This is the way (in which/that) I did it. (正)

It can also influence the way we behave with our families.

The most energetic and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end of winter and to the coming of spring.

At last, the theif handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 不能用which

定语从句限定的先行词（everything）是不定代词时，关系代词（that）只能用that, 不能用which.

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主语从句在复合句中作句子的主语。引导主语从句的词有连词that, whether; 连接代词who, what, which; 连接副词when, where, how, why等。如：

What is needed for the space trip is careful preparation.

Whether wild life can be well protected is of great importance.

Who will go makes no difference.

Why dinosaurs died out remains a puzzle.

Which kind of food is the best is still not certain.

为了避免主语显得过长，可以用it作为句子的主语，把主语从句移到句子的末尾。如：

It hasn’t been decided yet when the new restaurant will open.

It is not clear how gold was found there.

It is hard to understand why there is gravity.

It is a shame that you have to leave so soon.

I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everthing to do with nature. 我不知道这是不是因为我长久无法出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。

It's no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced.

表语常用名词或形容词，如：

It is no use talking to him.

It is nice seeing you again.

That's no reason to stop it

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宾语从句（The Object Clause）

宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。宾语从句通常由下面一些词引导。

宾语从句在复合句中起宾语的作用，可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。引导宾语从句的词有连词that, if, whether; 连接代词who（whom）, whose, what, which; 连接副词when, where, how, why等。如：(本段是插入部分)

（1） 由that引导（that在口语或非正式文体中常省略）。如：

I don’t think (that) differences are important in a friendship.

Some readers said (that) they are going to eat more vegetables.

An old lady said (that) she found a job as a foreign language teacher.

I think (that) women can reach very high achievements in many fields of science.

(2)由连接代词或连接副词引导。如：

Thomas wants to know where Nina lives.

He wants to know what she thinks of the transportation.

It is interesting to hear what the class think about action movies.

I dinn’t know who the man was.

Do you know who (whom) John Adams was speaking to?

He asked whose spacesuit it was.

Pay attention what the doctor said, will you?

He can’t tell which gesture means “good luck”.

Please tell me when JoeWilliams won the Nobel Peace Prize.

I don’t know where Charlie Chaplin got his stick.

Will you tell me how I can keep fit and healthy?

Do you know why he crossed his arms?

(3) 由连词whether或if引导（口语中常用if）。如：

She asked me if she could borrow these books.

I wonder whether (if) Lin Qiaozhi remembered how many babies she had delivered.

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表语从句在复合句中作句子的表语。 引导表语从句的词有连词that, whether, as if; 连接代词who, what, which; 连接副词when, where, how, why等。如：

Her wish is that she could lose weight soon.

The question is whether it is worth doing.

It looked as if it was going to snow.

The problem was who could do the work.

That is what he is worried about.

His trouble is where he can find a new job.

The problem is how he can get food and clothing.

That was why the brothers wanted to make a bet.

应该还有连词because,

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在主从复合句中，用作同位语的从句，叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词（如fact, idea, news, promise等）的后面，用以说明或解释前面的名词，引导同位语从句的词有连词that, 连接副词how, when, where等。如：

I have no idea when Chaplin’s film will be on again.

We were very excited at the news that our team had won.

The fact that women can work as well as men is clear.

Henry Adams made a promise that he would not open the letter until 2 o’clock.

江苏高考英语知识点

这并不是一个问题，因为定语从句，从名称上就可以看出，做定语的，而主语从句是做主语的，属于名词性从句的一种，只要知道句子缺什么成分，就可以很容易判断到底是定语从句还是主语从句。说白了，这并不是一个问题。而另一个名词性从句——同位语从句，很容易和定语从句搞混淆。因为同位语同样有补充说明的功能。

1）定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，用一个句子做定语，用来修饰名词或代词，亦称关系从句（relative clause）。比如说，

I like music that I can sing along with.

that引导的从句是用来修饰music，做后置定语，也就是定语从句。

定语从句的引导词分关系代词（that, which, who,whom,whose）和关系副词（where, when），缺成分（成分即主谓宾）用关系代词，不缺成分用关系副词。关系代词引导的定语从句很常见，而且也很好判断，难的是区分关系副词引导的定语从句和状语从句的区别，eg.I was ten when I went to U.S. for the first time.（状语从句）

There was a time (when I felt in low spirits in my life).（定语从句）

第二句话会发现time是表语，后边没有说完，用一个句子补充说明具体内容——同位语从句或者修饰限定——定语从句，显然这句话属于后者。

2）同位语从句（appositive clause），即用一个句子做同位语，eg.

Nobody knows the news that she has already known the results.（没有人知道她已知道了结果这一消息。）

定语从句.：

Nobody knows the news that she has already known.（没有人知道她知晓的那条消息。）

很明显，在同位语从句中，news 不想当除引导词以外的其他成分，而在定语从句中，news 充当了从句的宾语，这就是二者最明显的区别。

3）主语从句（subject clause）

用一个句子做主语就是主语从句，这个很简单。Eg.

That she has gone to Seattle is known to us all.

有的时候主语太长 ，会用it做形式主语，真正的主语放在后边。Eg.

It is known to us all that she.has gone to Seattle.

定语从句是高中英语语法最重要的语法，也是高考最难的内容之一，主语从句的重要性远在定语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句之后。

主语从句的引导词是如何选择？

英语作为我们的第二门语言，在高考会怎么考核考生呢?有哪些英语知识点，下面是我为大家整理的关于江苏高考英语知识点，希望对您有所帮助。欢迎大家阅读参考学习!

江苏高考英语知识点

S+V(是系动词)+ P

1. This　　　│is　　　　　│an English-Chinese dictionary.

2. The dinner │smells　　　│good.

3. He　　　 │fell　　　 │in love.

4. Everything │looks　　　 │different.

5. He　　　 │is growing │tall and strong.

6. The trouble │is　　　　　│that they are short of money.

7. Our well　│has gone　 │dry.

8. His face　│turned　　　│red.

附：

联系动词(Link Verb)本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语(亦称补语)，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如：

He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。(fell是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况。)

He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词，单独作谓语。

1)状态系动词

用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：

He is a teacher.　他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)

2)持续系动词

用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：

He always kept silent at meeting.　 他开会时总保持沉默。

This matter rests a mystery.　 此事仍是一个谜。

3)表像系动词

用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：

He looks tired.　 他看起来很累。

He seems (to be) very sad.　 他看起来很伤心。

4)感官系动词

感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：

This kind of cloth feels very soft.　这种布手感很软。

This flower smells very sweet.　这朵花闻起来很香。

5)变化系动词

这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.

He became mad after that.　 自那之后，他疯了。

She grew rich within a short time.　 她没多长时间就富了。

6)终止系动词

表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：

The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。

The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。

His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)

高考 英语 作文 必考考点

1.经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard

3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention

8.不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate

10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue

11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

高中英语易错点归纳

1.在你离开之前，有些事应该要告诉你。(ought to;there be)

学生错例：

1)Before you leave, there are somethings I ought to tell you.(受中文“些”字意思影 响，误把单数的something 当somethings)

2)Before you leave,there are some things ought to tell you.

(误用something; 句子 成分残缺，从句漏了主语 I)

3)There are something that ought to tell you before you leave.

4)There is something ought to tell you before you leaving.(受中文“在”影响，误用了“leaving”)

2.我很难把学习和兴趣结合起来。(combine...with...)

学生错例：

1)I'm difficult to combine study with interest.(典型的中文翻译思维，与地道的英语表达有较大差别)

2) I hardly combining study with interest.(中式英语)

3)It's hardly that combine study with interest.(乱套句型)

4)I hardly combine study with interest.(照字翻译)

高考英语语法考点一

1. 语态和时态

—Do you see those people on the little sandy island?

—Yes, they _______ handkerchiefs for the last half hour. I wonder why.

A. were waving B. waved C. had waved D. have been waving

正确答案D

高考考点考查动词时态。现在完成进行时：表示一个从过去某一时刻开始的动作，一直延续到说话时还在进行或刚结束，句中常出现用for, since, how long等引导的时间状语。e.g. His telephone has been ringing for a long time.e.g. It has been raining since last Sunday. e.g. How long have you been wearing glasses?

题干句意“你有没有看见那些在小岛上的人?”“是的，我看见了。他们在过去的半小时里一直在挥手帕，我不知道为什么。”

详细解析这个挥手帕的动作是在半小时前开始的，然后一直在挥，一直挥到了说话的这个时候，所以我们用的是一个现在完成进行时，强调一个动作的持续。我们再来看一下其他几个时态：

A选项是were waving——过去进行时，它指的是：①过去某一时刻正在进行;②过去某一阶段正在进行;B. waved——过去时，过去某时间发生的且已完成的动作，所以我们知道A和B这两个时态都是和过去有关，而和现在是没有一点关系的，所以A和B这两个答案错了。

C. had waved——过去完成时：过去某一时刻或某一动作前完成的动作或状态，那么它所表达的时候是在过去的过去，例如：e.g. By the end of last year, we had built 5 new schools.到去年年底为止，我们已经建造了5所学校。首先，过去的时间是去年年底;而句子表达的意思是在去年年底之前，所以我们用过去完成时——had build.和现在是更加没有联系了，所以这个答案也是不正确的。

题干中的时间状语是“for the last half hour”，注意这个last不是指“最后的”，而是指“刚才的——在刚才的半个小时里”，那么往往呢句中出现last,或者是last half hour、recent这种词的话，我们一般都会选择现在完成进行时，因为它指的是“刚才”，那么肯定指“从刚才到现在”。所以本题答案是D.

高考英语语法考点二

名词性从句

The information could be helpful to ____will take over the job.

A. those B. who C. whoever D. anyone

正确答案C

高考考点考查名词性从句，顾名思义就是名词，它可充当主语、表语、宾语和同位语，所以相应的名词性从句也分为有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。此题考的就是介词to后的宾语从句。

题干句意“这个消息可能会对任何将接管这个工作的人有所帮助。”whoever = anyone who“任何怎么怎么样的人”所以这个答案是正确的。我们再来看其他几个答案为什么不对呢?

详细解析A选项是those，如果those填在这里的话就会变成缺少关系代词who，如选those，那those will take over the job“那些人将会取代这个工作”，它就变成了一个独立的句子，而不是一个从句，更加就不是一个宾语从句了，所以从原则上说它是错误的，那么怎样改才是正确的呢?很简单，只要在这个those的后面加一个关系代词who，把它变成一个定语从句——those who will take over the job，“那些将要接管这个工作的人”，那么这样就可以了。

B选项是who在名词性从句中表示疑问，e.g. Who will take over the job has not been decided yet. D选项是anyone，错误的原因也是缺少关系代词who.

比较those who和anyone who，前者是“那些……的人”，后者表示“任何……的人”。区别就是在于those who是一个复数的概念，“那些人”，后面的谓语动词要用复数;而anyone who是表示任何一个人，后面要用单数的谓语动词。

高考英语语法考点三

虚拟语气和情态动词

—David, we went to Lake Geneva for the weekend.

—That _______ a very nice change. I wish I had gone there.

A. must be B. must have been C. could be D. could have been

正确答案B

高考考点考查情态动词。

首先A和B里面都有must，must表推测，它表示“肯定…”，这个语气是非常确定的，百分之百的;那么当must表推测的时候呢，它还可以表示不同的时间，例如：

第一，must be表示的是“现在的状态”，He must be a teacher. 他肯定是一个老师。

第二，must be doing表示“现在进行的动作”，They must be having a meeting in the office.他们现在肯定正在办公室里开会。

第三，must have done表示“过去发生的事情”，You must have met him yesterday.你昨天肯定见过他了。让我们看一下将“must have been”填到题干里面是否正确?句意：“David,我们周末去了日内瓦湖。”“哦，那肯定是一个非常好的改变，我希望我也去那里了。”这里是表示一个肯定的推测;又因为是上个周末的事情，说明这件事情已经发生了，我们所以用B. must have been,而不是A。

详细解析C选项是could轻微的怀疑或委婉的陈述看法，“可能”e.g. His story could be true, but I hardly think it is.他所说的这个 故事 可能是真的，但是我基本上不相信。

D选项是could have done虚拟语气，某事过去有可能发生而实际没有，“本来可以”，表示惋惜、遗憾　e.g. The accident could have been prevented.这个车祸原本是可以避免的。e.g. You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best.你原本是可以做的更好的，但是你并没有尽自己最大的努力。

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高考中能用到的英语语法和各语法的学习思路或方法 还有盈余作文中的套话语句

在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。

引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等

定义:如果一个句子在复合句中充当一个主语,那么这个句子就是主语从句.

第一部分：常规主语从句,即句子在复合句中充当一个主语

（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.

（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.

（3）Who will be our monitor has't been decided yet.

（4） Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.

（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.

（6）Whatever you did is right.

（7）Whose watch was lost is unknown.

（8）What we need is time.

（9）What we need are good doctors.

小结:

（1)引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等

（2)连词位于句首不能省略

（3)主语从句大多数情况下视为单三,但也有例外,如例9

第二部分：为了防止句子头重脚轻,通常把形式主语it放在主语位置,真正主语搁置于句末

（1）It is certain that he will win the match.

（2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.

（3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.

（4）It is strange that he should do that.

（5）It is important that we all should attend the meeting.

（6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.

（7）It is a pity that we won't be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.

（8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident.

（9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai)

（10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese.

（11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.

（12）It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film)

（13）It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there)

小结:

（1)以that 引出的主语从句,常以形式主语it引导. It is +形容词/名词/某些动词ed + that 从句.

（2) 在有些that从句中要用虚拟语气 (should+do/should+have done)例句4,5,6,11.

一、名词性从句概说

名词性从句，即指性质相当于名词的从句，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从高考的考查的实际情况来看，名词性从句考得最多的是宾语从句，其次是主语从句，再次是表语从句，而同位语从句则很少考查。

二、名词性从句的一般引导词

1.连接词that 引导名词性从句时，只起连接作用，没有任何意思，也不充当句子成分，在宾语从句中可省略，但引导其他名词性从句时通常不省略。如：

I hope (that) you enjoy your holiday.希望你假期过得好。

That he likes you is very obvious.很显然他喜欢你。

2.连接词whether 引导名词性从句也不充当句子成分，但有自己的意思，表示“是否”；引导宾语从句时，可换成if，但引导其他名词性从句时不能换成if。如

He asked whether [if] I would show him the way.他问我是否可以给他带路。

Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.是否对我们有害还要看一看。(引导主语从句，不能用if代替whether)

3.连接代词who(m), whose, which, what等引导名词性从句时，均有各自的意义，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。如：

That’s why she wanted to leave.这就是她想离开的原因。

When we arrive doesn't matter.什么时候到没有关系。

Tell me which one you like best.告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。

4.连接副词when, where, why, how等引导名词性从句，也各自有自己的意义，在从句中作状语。如：

The question is how we should carry out the plan.问题是怎样执行这个计划。

When she’ll be back depends much on the weather.她什么时候回来在很大程度上要看天气。

Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever.他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。

三、名词性从句的重要引导词

1.what用于引导名词性从句是一个十分重要的引导词，它可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，但不用于引导同位语从句。它引导的名词性从句有两个意思是：一是表示“什么”，带有疑问意味；二是表示“…所…的”，相当于一个先行词后接一个关系代词。如：

I don’t know what you want.我不知道你想要什么。

I don’t know what you want is this.我不知道你所想要的是这个。

2.what引导名词性从句时可用作限定词，其后修饰名词。如：

I gave him what books I had.我把我所有的书都给他了。

He gave me what money he had about him.他把身边带有的钱全给了我。

注：what后的名词可以是复数名词或不可数名词，但通常不能是单数可数名词，并且后接不可数名词时，有时可有little修饰，两者的区别是：what+不可数名词=所有的都，what little+不可数名词=虽少但全部。如：

What friends she has are out of the country.她有的那些朋友全在国外。

We gave him what (little) help we could.我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。

3. whoever, whatever, whichever 等也可引导名词性从句，其意分别为“所…的一切事或东西”、“任何…的人”、““…的任可人或物”等。如：

Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。

I’ll do whatever I can to help him. 我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。

Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。

注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子：

误：Who comes will be welcome. / Anyone comes will be welcome.

正：Whoever comes will be welcome. / Anyone who comes will be welcome.

另外，它们也可引导让步状语从句，其意为“无论…”、“不管…”，其意相当于 no matter who [what, which]。如：

Whatever happens, you must be calm. 不管发生什么情况，你都必须镇静。(whatever = no matter what)

He won't eat you, whoever he is. 不管他是谁，他也不能把你吃掉。(whoever = no matter who)

注：whoever 引导名词性从句时既用作主格也用作宾语；作宾语时不宜用 whomever，因为在现代英语中 whomever 这个已几乎废弃不用。

4. why 与 because 的用法区别。两者均可引导表语从句，但前者强调结果，后者强调的原因。如：

I had a cold. That’s why I didn't come. 我感冒了，因此我没来。

I didn’t come. That’s because I had a cold. 我没有来，那是因为我感冒了。

主语从句有陈述语序吗？

一．非谓语动词

一．不定式：

一）不定式的常考形式：

1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.

被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.

语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生

2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.

被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.

语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前

二）不定式常考的考点：

1）不定式做定语----将要发生

2）不定式做状语----目的

3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.

三)不定式的省略

1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel

+ do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；

+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.

昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)

I saw him working in the garden yesterday.

昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）

" 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.

2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to

I 'd like to have John do it.

I have my package weighed.

Paul doesn't have to be made to learn.

3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do

四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：

want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do

force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do

be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do

We agreed _______ here，but so far she hasn't turned up yet．（NMET

1995）

A．having met B．meeting C．to meet D．to have met （Key：C）

五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式

accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.

三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。

He needs (a lot of) encouraging.

二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词

1)是名词 seeing is believing

2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary.

一)动名词的形式:

一般形式：I don't like you smoking.

完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.

被动形式：This question is far from being settled.

二) 动名词常考的点

1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数

2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词

3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.

I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．（MET 1992）

A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对）

I regret not having taken your advice.

4)有些词后只能接动名词

admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...

另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法：

it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point...

5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可

remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。

I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作)

I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作)

forgot remember的用法类似。

I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你…

I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。

try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.

try -ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day.

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。

To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。

prefer的用法：

我宁愿在这里等。

3 分词：

现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态

现在分词的形式:

1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生)

2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前)

3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)

过去分词

1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared.

2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做)

这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系--主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。

二：虚拟语气和情态动词

情态动词的基本用法及其区别

最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区别，因此在平时学习时准确理解和掌握情态动词的基本用法十分重要。情态动词的用法复杂多变，在高考试题中，命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查学生对情态动词的理解和掌握。对于情态动词，除了要求考生能够准确掌握它们的基本用法外，还要充分利用高考试题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析，以便同学们复习掌握。

一、用"情态动词＋have ＋done"结构表示对过去动作的推测，高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以暗示。情态动词的这一用法可以用 "对立统一"来概括。

1．当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明，且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时，我们可用"统一"关系来解决这样的试题。常见的结构有：

must have done：

表示对过去动作的肯定推测，常译作"一定做了……"，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为can't／couldn't have done?

疑问式为Can／Could...have done？。

could ／might have done：表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测，常译作"可能做了……"。如：

1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he

＿＿＿＿＿ your lecture． ?(上海 2000)

A． couldn't have attended

B． needn't have attended

C． mustn't have attended

D． shouldn't have attended

本题选A。

2) Jack ＿＿＿＿ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me． (上海'97

A． mustn't have arrived

B． shouldn't have arrived

C． can't have arrived

D． need not have arrived （C）

2．当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时，常借助"but, however, instead"等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符，这时我们就可以用"对立"关系来解决这样的试题。这种结构常见的有：

should have done ／ ought to have done：表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。

should not have done ／ ought not to have done：表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。

由句中的连词but可知前后句之间是对立关系，分析题意可知本题应选C。

二、考查情态动词基本用法之间的比较和辨析。最近几年高考试题中常借助具体的语境来考查考生对那些最常见的情态动词的基本用法的理解和掌握，因此在做这样的试题时应认真分析语境中所含的实际意义，并结合情态动词的基本含义和用法做出正确的选择。

虚拟语气

" 最自然的虚拟状态：由should/would+原型时态（不含时间只含状态）

本质上是过去将来时：即，时间固定在过去将来，状态不同：一般、进行、完成、完成进行。

这时"虚拟语气"的产生往往是因为我们要表达"本来应该……"（而现在却还没有……）

（本来可以……，本来能……）

一些常见的句型中，就会出现这种虚拟语气，而处于从句之中，should 常常被省略掉

o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;

o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;

o require, request;

o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.

由于他们的含义中包含"建议，假设，应该"这类的含义，所以，由他们引起的从句中，就会包含有should+原型时态构成的虚拟语气。

这些动词（以及他们的名次形式，分词形式）引起的从句还有其他的变形

主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句

It's suggested that…

My suggestion is that…

The only suggestion that...

The only suggestion I can give you now is that…

一些形容词引起的表语从句中，也会有同样的情况

important; necessary; essential

It's natural ; strange; incredible that

a pity; a shame; no wonder

? 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的从句中多使用should

" 表达与事实相反

1. 与现在相反：使用[过去时]：

I wish I were not here! (一般现在'一般过去)

Suppose we were not here.

He loved me as if I were his own son. (一般现在'一般过去)

Hope I weren't always losing things! (现在进行'过去进行)

If only/If I hadn't been there! (现在完成'过去完成)

What if I hadn't been waiting right here! (现在完成进行'过去完成进行)

常考句型：It's (high) time (that)…; would rather (that)…

这两个从句，只能表达对现在的看法，所以，从句中只有一般过去时。

2. 与过去相反：过去完成时；

3. 与将来相反？将来的事情没有发生，所以只能推测且实现可能很小

I wish he could not smoke any more.

不过，由于可以用be to表示将来；所以，虚拟语气中经常出现were to；也是CET-4的常考语法点。

" 虚拟条件句

o if 部分，做一个与事实相反的假设（所以只有一般过去和过去完成）

o 主句部分，这是表示基于这个假设的推测，一般使用情态动词would，少数情况下使用could/might/should。

o 注意：两个部分之间，是有逻辑关系，而在两部分的谓语动词时态上，没有必然的联系。

" 注意，虚拟条件句中的if可以省略，造成were/had提前，产生倒装。

" 隐含的非真实条件 :由特殊的词给出条件: with, without, in , but for, otherwise, or

How could I be happy without you? In his shoes, I would kill myself.

But for the storm, we would have arrived.

三、一致关系

一)主谓一致

1． 主谓一致（与插入语无关）

1主谓的分隔原则：主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。

2定语从句中的主谓一致：

3随前一致：

n. + together with n2

as well as

including

along with

with / of

accompanied with / by

4就近原则：n1 or n2 +v（就近原则）

either n1 or n2

5可数n1 and 可数n2+v(pl)

不可数n1 and 不可数n2+v(pl)

例外：war and peace is… war and peace是一个整体

但是如果主语表示的是同一个概念，同一人，同一事的时候，谓语动词用单数，这种结构的特征是and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。

The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.

The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.

The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.

类似的还有：law and order bread and

butter black and white

To love and to be loved is …

A lawyer and a teacher are…

A lawyer and teacher is …

6随后原则：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与B一致)

7百分比结构：most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent

of+n1+v.（由n1决定

8倒装结构的主谓一致：

a）There be +n 由名词决定动词

b）Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构：

Among / Between …+系动词+n. （由名词决定动词）

9The+adj的主谓一致：

a）当表示"一类人"，

b）当表示某一抽象概念时

The good is always attractive.

10 To do/doing/主从+vs

*More than one+n

many a +n.

a day or two

二)、倒装

1 全部倒装

是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：Up went the plane = the plane went up.

1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。

2) 表示运动方向的副词(back, down, off, up)或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。

注意：1) 上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能倒装。Here he comes. Away they went. 2) 谓语动词是be的时候，不能倒装。 Here it is. Here you are.

3） 形容词短语/分词短语位于句首，引起倒装

*typical of characteristic of

*coinciding with + n

4） 表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首，谓语动词为系动词，一定引起倒装

In…（表语）+系动词+主，主同。

*在倒装句型答案中不能出现there

*常考介词要倒装：among between in at beneath

常考的系动词：be lie exist remain rest

部分倒装

1． 否定 adv 位于句首，引起倒装：not only, not until, hardly, scarcely,

seldom, rarely, no sooner…than

1） not until + 时间 + 主谓倒装，not until + 句子+主谓倒装

2） only+状语位于句首

only +ad. eg: recently

prep.短短语 eg: in recently years

从句 eg: when clause

only一个词本身不倒装

3） 在比较级结构中，than后面可以倒装，也可以不倒装。

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。

? 1) Neither, nor, so 表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定，产生倒装，一般主动词提前，谓语动词的其他部分就

4) as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。

as〔让步〕虽然，尽管〔词序倒装。语气比 though 强〕。

Successful as he is, he is not proud. 他虽成功，却不骄傲。

Women as she is, she's every brave.

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

注意：A) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。B) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

5) 其他部分倒装

a) so… that 句型中的so; such… that句型中的such位于句首时，需倒装。

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

b) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.

c) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。Were I you, I would try it again.

四、复合句

从句可分为：

? 名词性从句' 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句

? 形容词性从句'定语从句

? 副词性从句'状语从句

" 常考的关系代词：that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。

" 常见的同位语从句现行词（that之前的抽象名词）：fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding…

" 常用的引导词

o 时间状语从句：while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; ever since; as/so long as; as soon as; no sooner… than; hardly… when; scarcely/barely… when; the moment/minute/instant; on (the point of) doing…

o 地点状语从句：where; wherever

o 原因状语从句：because; since; as; seeing that; considering that; now that; in that; for fear that; lest; owing to the fact that; because of the fact that; due to the fact that…

o 方式状语从句：as; as if; as though; how; save that…

o 比较状语从句：as; than; as… as; not so… as; hardly… than;

o 结果状语从句：so that; so… that; such… that; so as to…

o 条件状语从句：if; unless; in case; so long as; so far as; provided/providing/that; supposing; granted/granting that…; giving that…

o 让步状语从句：though; although; even if; even though; whether; as; however; no matter (what, how, when); for all that; in spite of the fact that; granted that; regardless of the fact that…

o 目的状语从句：that; so that; in order that; lest; for the fear that; in case…

定语从句:

which 引导的定语从句结构

1）which是关系代词，which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子，

在这个句子中，which要作成分，作主语或者宾语

2）in which+完整的句子

which在定语从句中作in的宾语，所以不能作后面句子的主语

3）名词+of which+谓语动词

of which来修饰名词，名词在定语从句中作主语，所以后面直接跟谓语动词

I have five books three of which are borrowed from Mary.

4）介词+ which +to do 其功能相当于定语从句。

The key with which to open the door is lost.

5）定语从句的省略结构：

1． 如果that / which在定从中作 宾语，可以省略.

sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt

→s+vt+n+s+v

s+vt+n1+n2+vt

*当做题时，若发现两个名词在一起，但是似乎连不上，则一定省略that /

which，则动词为vt，做谓语。

6）定从的特殊省略

the way (in which) + 句子

the reason (why that)+句子 均为完整句

the time (that / when)+句子

I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world.

By the time省that+句子，句子。

7）定从的主系省略（主+系可同时省）

即：which be , who be , that be可同时省

状语从句省略结构

这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件：

第一、特定的状语从句引导词：although though even though when while if as

第二、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致；

第三、从句的谓语必须是be动词，主语和be动词同进同出，比如上面的they和are要么同时省略，要么同时保留。

高考英语插入语及插入句的用法

在NMET中，插入语屡见不鲜，由于插入语通常与句中其它成分没有语法上的关系，因此给考生的理解带来一定困难。插入语多半用逗号与句子隔开，用来表示说话者对句子所表达的意思的态度。插入语可能是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。

一、常用做插入语的副词

indeed的确， surely无疑， however然而， obviously显然， frankly坦率地说， naturally自然， luckily (或happily) for sb.算某人幸运， fortunately幸好， strangely奇怪， hone stly真的， briefly简单地说等。

1. Surely， she won?t go to China Telecom with you.

当然她不会和你一起去中国电信。

2. Strangely， he has not been to China Unicom. Still more strangely， he has not called me.

奇怪，他未来过中国联通。更奇怪，他没给我打电话。

3. Fortunately， I found the book that I?d lost.

幸亏我找到了已丢失的那本书。

二、常见的作插入语的形容词或其短语

true真的， funny真可笑， strange to say说也奇怪， needless to say不用说， most impor tant of all最为重要， worse still更糟糕的等。

1. Strange to say (或True)， he should have done such a thing.

说也奇怪(或真的)，他竟然做出这样的事。

2. Most important of all， you each over?fulfilled your own task.

更为重要的，你们各自超额完成了自己的任务。

三、常用作插入语的介词短语

in a few words(或in sum， in short)简而言之， in other words换句话说， in a sense在某种意义上， in general一般说来， in my view在我看来， in his opinion(judgment)按照他的意见(判断)， in conclusion总之， in summary概括地说， in fact事实上， in the first place首先， in addition此外， of course当然， to our knowledge据我们所知， to my joy(delight， satisfaction)使我欣慰(高兴、满意)的， to their surprise(astonis hment， amazement)使他们惊奇的， to her regret (disappointment)使她遗憾(失望)的， for instance(或example)例如， as a matter of fact事实上等。

一道93年英语高考选择题

主语从句不管是用连接词 that、if/whether，连接代词 what、who、which，还是连接副词when、where、why、how 引导，因为它不是提出问题，而是陈述一个已知的或未知的事实，因此都应该是陈述语序。

主语从句：2003年上海英语高考题第三十六题

一道93年英语高考选择题

____ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.

A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter

1. 为什么不可以选c和d？

2. 如果把这道题改成“____ he told at the meeting astonished everybody present.”

答案可否选c和d？

我觉得虽然不可以说“say the fact“，但是可以说“tell the fact”吧

答：英语单选题只有一个最佳答案。选其它者不得分，想得分则必须选A，不选CD。

译：他在会上说的话让在场的每一个人大吃一惊。

析：此题考主语从句。what he said at the meeting= the words that he said at the meeting 是名词性从句，在句中作主语。合句意，合语法为最佳选择。

1. 如选择C，则可认为主语是the fact, he said at the meeting 是省略了关系代词的定语从句，从句法形式上是通的。这个事实让在场的每一个人大吃一惊。句意也通。但我还没有加入这个限制性定语。是哪个事实呢？是那个他在会上说的事实。汉语似乎很通顺，说的=》说出来的，但英语是不是通顺呢？我们需要看一看say这个及物动词的英语说法，动宾搭配。查词典及平时的语言实践我们知道，say的宾语，一般多为“直接引语”或间接引语。如果按名词，则主要“a sound, word,etc”如: He didn't say a word. You must learn to say "please", young man!

它还常跟不定代词something, 如say something about your family. 疑问句中就用what:What did he say? 除此之外，没见过有say a fact, say a matter这样的动宾搭配。所以选择CD不合英语的语言习惯。排除CD

你也有这个感觉：不可以说“say the fact”。

2. 但是可以说“tell the fact”吧？

答：是的，但tell一般都用作双宾语：tell sb. sth. 告诉某人某事。可以说tell us a story/a fact/ a matter的。只有在一定的语境中，才可以省略这个间接宾语。

所以，如果你非要选CD，则要将said 改为told us才妥：

____ he told us at the meeting astonished everybody present.

A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter

这样一来，本题就有三个“正确”答案了，ACD，且每一个都合语法，合句意：

他在会上告诉我们的（那事情A）/（那事实B）/(那问题）让在场的每一个人都大为吃惊。

那就成为一个不好的题了。除非在题句后加上一句：Which is NOT correct? 答案为B。

什么是主语从句？举例说明一下并在例子中详细说明！

大哥饿..不是定语从句...定语从句不能用先行词what..

..那叫名词性从句....

现在有两种情况：1.强调句

2.名词性从句（同位语）

如果是1，那么就对了

如果是2，那么就相当于it

is

these

poisonous

products

"these

poisonous

products

"

是复数，怎么能用"it

is"

呢……再说这也读不通，什么叫“它是这些有毒产品”……

而只有强调句"it

is

...

that"

是固定搭配，所以这里可以用

1）主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有： *It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that... *It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that... *It is clear\important\likely\possible that... *It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that... It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation. It seems that the performance is very useful. 2)what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”。 What we lack is experience. 3)what,who,when,why,whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。 How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again. I did know why I felt like crying.